Anthropometric comparison of the idealized youth and hideous old man of Leonardo's profile drawings.

The aim of this study is to compare the old and ugly with the young and beautiful in Leonardo's profile drawings using soft tissue anthropometry.Thirty-one of Leonardo's profile drawings and portraits of the lateral view were collected and scanned. Among the 29, 9 young and 20 hideous old man scans had a measurable nasion-subnasale (n-sn) distance, and 49 anthropometric items (43 distances and 6 angles) were used for measurement as relative distances to the n-sn distance.

Correction of an alar web with a feather-edge rolled-in flap.

The aim of this study was to see the histological nature of the alar web and to introduce a featheredged rolled-in flap to reduce the alar web.On a cadaver, the perpendicular section of the alar web revealed a thickened dermis portion on both the skin side and the nasal side distal to the alar cartilage. According to histological results, we thought the thinning and rolling in of the distal margin of the end of the open rhinoplasty incision could reduce the alar web.