Temporal changes in soil bacterial and archaeal communities with different fertilizers in tea orchards.

It is important to understand the effects of temporal changes in microbial communities in the acidic soils of tea orchards with different fertilizers. A field experiment involving organic fertilizer (OF), chemical fertilizer (CF), and unfertilized control (CK) treatments was arranged to analyze the temporal changes in the bacterial and archaeal communities at bimonthly intervals based on the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling. The abundances of total bacteria, total archaea, and selected functional genes (bacterial and archaeal amoA, bacterial narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Virus-induced gene silencing of PEAM4 affects floral morphology by altering the expression pattern of PsSOC1a and PsPVP in pea.

pea-MADS4 (PEAM4) regulates floral morphology in Pisum sativum L., however, its molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a recently developed reverse genetic approach that facilities an easier and more rapid study of gene functions.

[Studies on the megasporogenesis and microsporegenesis and the development of the female gametophyte and male gametophyte in Camptotheca acuminate].

The ovarium is hypostasy in Camptotheca acuminate Decne.. It has a locule and an ovule.

Overexpression of the cucumber LEAFY homolog CFL and hormone treatments alter flower development in gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa).

Leafy (LFY) and LFY-like genes control the initiation of floral meristems and regulate MADS-box genes in higher plants. The Cucumber-FLO-LFY (CFL) gene, a LFY homolog in Cucumis sativus L. is expressed in the primordia, floral primordia, and each whirl of floral organs during the early stage of flower development.

[Morphological studies on direct regeneration of floral buds from in vitro cultures of sepal segments in Sinningia speciosa hiern].

The morphological changes in the cultures of sepal segments in Sinningia speciosa Hiern were observed with Zeiss Stemi 2000-C Stereomicroscope from 0 to 65 days after culture in vitro. The light yellow globular protuberances were observed on the cut edge and the surface of sepal segments after culture for 24 days. Then the globular protuberances grew bigger gradually.

[In vitro flowering of cultures from a hybrid of Cymbidium goeringii and C. hybridium].

Wild-type female spring orchid (Cymbidium goeringii) was crossed with male Cymbidium hybridium. Over eight hundred protocorm clones were obtained from hybrid offsprings. Among them, one protocorm clone was identified to differentiate visible floral buds two months after subculture in vitro (Plate I).

Wrinkled petals and stamens 1, is required for the morphogenesis of petals and stamens in Lotus japonicus.

Although much progress has been made in understanding how floral organ identity is determined during the floral development, less is known about how floral organ is elaborated in the late floral developmental stages. Here we describe a novel floral mutant, wrinkled petals and stamens1 (wps1), which shows defects in the development of petals and stamens. Genetic analysis indicates that wps1 mutant is corresponding to a single recessive locus at the long arm of chromosome 3.

[Studies on the megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis and the development of their female and male gametophyte in Magnolia biloba].

The anther of Magnolia biloba is tetrasporangiate with glandular tapetum, which consists of one or two layers of cells. Cytokinesis during meiosis of its microspore mother cell is modified simultaneous type, and the microspore tetrads are isobilateral. Mature pollen grains are two-celled.

[Hairy root induced by wild-type agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 in soybean, cucumber and garden balsam in vivo].

The plantlets of soybean, cucumber and garden balsam were inoculated by wild-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599, and hairy root was induced on inoculated sites in vivo. The frequencies of hairy root induction from wound cotyledons of soybean, cucumber and garden balsam were 100%, 65% and 91%, respectively. Moreover, hairy root was induced from healthy cucumber axillary bud with frequency of 10%.

[Expression of CFL gene during differentiation of floral and vegetative buds in cucumber cotyledonary nodes cultured in vitro].

CFL gene, a LFY homologue, was cloned from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In this paper, in situ hybridization was performed to analyze the expression pattern of CFL gene at the stage of floral and vegetative buds differentiation in cucumber cotyledonary nodes cultured in vitro.

[Regulation network and biological roles of LEAFY in Arabidopsis thaliana in floral development].

Recent research progress on regulation network and biological roles of LFY gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and its homologue genes in floral development are reviewed emphatically in the present paper. LFY gene expresses widely in both vegetative and reproductive tissues in different higher plants, therefore investigation on role of LFY gene on flowering is of general significance. LFY gene plays an important role to promote flower formation by interaction and coordination with other genes,such as TFL, EMF, AP1, AP2, CAL, FWA, FT, AP3, PI, AG, UFO, CO, LD, GA1 etc, and a critical level of LFY expression is essential.

[Studies on calcium sensitive period during floral differentiation of cucumber cotyledonary node cultures in vitro].

Cotyledonary nodes of cucumber cultured on calcium-free medium for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6d respectively, were transferred to medium with 6.0 mmol/L CaCl2 for 24h, then returned to calcium-free medium. Cotyledonary nodes cultured on calcium-free or 6.

[Effect of gibberellin on direct regeneration of floral buds from young flower buds in Sinningia speciosa Hiern].

The phenomena of direct regeneration of floral buds on young flower bud and sepal cultures in vitro were observed in Sinningia speciosa Hiern. The gibberellin concentration in medium was very important for inducing the direct regeneration of floral buds. No direct floral bud was regenerated when the concentration of gibberellin (GA) supplemented in medium was equal to or less than 0.

[Relationship between floral differentiation and endogenous hormones and polyamines contents in cucumber cotyledonary nodes cultured in vitro].

Changes of endogenous hormones and polyamines(PAs) contents during floral differentiation (0-6 day) in cucumber cotyledonary nodes cultured in vitro were determined by using HPLC. The results showed that all four endogenous hormones decreased obviously within 0-2 day and increased slightly within 4-5 day after culture. This indicated that low levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberelline(GA3) and abscisin acid(ABA) during 0-2 day were favorable to floral primordia differentiation, while high level of zeatin(ZT) during 3-5 day was favorable to floral organ primordia differentiation.

[Floral homeotic variants of in vitro seedlings in Sinningia speciosa Hiern].

Six types of floral homeotic variants of in vitro seedlings were observed in doubleflower sinningia. Type I, red and green mosaic petals exist in the outermost whorl of petal-whorls, 2.38%.