Predicting the need for intubation within 3 h in the neonatal intensive care unit using a multimodal deep neural network.

Respiratory distress is a common chief complaint in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Despite the increasing use of non-invasive ventilation in neonates with respiratory difficulty, some of them require advanced airway support. Delayed intubation is associated with increased morbidity, particularly in urgent unplanned cases.

Development of a Universal Cloning System for Reverse Genetics of Human Enteroviruses.

Enteroviruses (EVs) have been associated with several human diseases. Due to their continuous emergence and divergence, EV species have generated more than 100 types and recombinant strains, increasing the public health threat caused by them. Hence, an efficient and universal cloning system for reverse genetics (RG) of highly divergent viruses is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of viral pathology and evolution.

Higher prevalence of rotavirus infection among out-born newborns transferred to a regional neonatal intensive care unit in Korea.

Background: Rotavirus is one of important pathogens which require infection control in nurseries and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Method: We retrospectively reviewed 1,135 out-born newborns who were transferred to a regional tertiary NICU of Chungbuk National University Hospital between January 2012 and December 2016. We assessed the clinical characteristics of newborns based on the results of rotavirus surveillance tests.

Successful treatment of a patent urachus concurrent with pyocele in a newborn: A case report.

Rationale: A patent urachus is a rare congenital anomaly that atypically presents as an umbilical cord cyst or large umbilical cord. Here we describe a case of a giant umbilical cord cyst in a newborn diagnosed as a patent urachus.

Patient Concerns: A male infant with a birth weight of 3260 g was transferred because of an antenatally diagnosed giant umbilical cord cyst accompanied by yellowish discharge and granulation in the umbilical cord after birth.

Case report of juvenile polyposis/hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome: first report in Korea with a novel mutation in the gene.

Juvenile polyposis/hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (JPS/HHT) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene, presenting with features of both juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) and HHT. Reports and studies of JPS/HHT syndrome are mostly from Western countries, while there are scarce reports from East Asian countries. We report a case of a Korean boy who had been previously diagnosed with JPS at 7 years and had first visited to our center at 15 years of age.

Nationwide "Pediatric Nutrition Day" survey on the nutritional status of hospitalized children in South Korea.

Background/objectives: To evaluate the nutritional status and prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized children at admission and during hospitalization in South Korea.

Subjects/methods: This first cross-sectional nationwide "Pediatric Nutrition Day (pNday)" survey was conducted among 872 hospitalized children (504 boys, 368 girls; 686 medical, 186 surgical) from 23 hospitals in South Korea. Malnutrition risk was screened using the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) and the Screening Tool Risk on Nutritional status and Growth.

The Importance of Early Recognition, Timely Management, and the Role of Healthcare Providers in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

In April 2020, a pediatric report of an unusual inflammatory illness associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to similar cases in Europe and North America, which was referred to as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Herein, we describe the case of a 12-year-old boy who had a history of polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 and developed MIS-C approximately three weeks after an initial diagnosis of COVID-19. High fever with abdominal pain mimicking appendicitis was the initial manifestation of MIS-C, which could have been easily missed if the patient's history of COVID-19 was ignored.

Korean Children and Adolescents with Crohn's Disease Are More Likely to Present with Perianal Fistulizing Disease at Diagnosis Compared to Their European Counterparts.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the disease phenotype of Korean pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) patients at diagnosis according to the Paris classification by comparison with patients from the European multicenter 5-years recruitment of children with newly developed IBD (EUROKIDS registry).

Methods: Korean children and adolescents who had been newly diagnosed with CD at the age of <18 years during 2013-2016 were included in this multicenter retrospective study. Disease phenotype at diagnosis was classified according to the Paris classification, and compared with the published data from the EUROKIDS study.

Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity: Recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition.

The Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition newly developed the first Korean Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity in Children and Adolescents to deliver an evidence-based systematic approach to childhood obesity in South Korea. The following areas were systematically reviewed, especially on the basis of all available references published in South Korea and worldwide, and new guidelines were established in each area with the strength of recommendations based on the levels of evidence: 1) definition and diagnosis of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents; 2) principles of treatment of pediatric obesity; 3) behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with obesity, including diet, exercise, lifestyle, and mental health; 4) pharmacotherapy; and 5) bariatric surgery.

Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obesity: recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition.

The Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition newly developed the first Korean Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity in Children and Adolescents to deliver an evidence-based systematic approach to childhood obesity in South Korea. The following areas were systematically reviewed, especially on the basis of all available references published in South Korea and worldwide, and new guidelines were established in each area with the strength of recommendations based on the levels of evidence: (1) definition and diagnosis of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents; (2) principles of treatment of pediatric obesity; (3) behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with obesity, including diet, exercise, lifestyle, and mental health; (4) pharmacotherapy; and (5) bariatric surgery.

The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects.

Growth charts are curves or tables that facilitate the visualization of anthropometric parameters, and are widely used as an important indicator when evaluating the growth status of children and adolescents. The latest version of the Korean National Growth Charts released in 2007 has raised concerns regarding the inclusion of data from both breastfed and formula-fed infants, higher body mass index (BMI) values in boys, and smaller 3rd percentile values in height-for-age charts. Thus, new growth charts have been developed to improve the previous version.

Foreign Body Ingestion in Children.

Foreign body (FB) ingestion in children is common and most children are observed to be between 6 months and 3 years of age. Although most FBs in the gastrointestinal tract pass spontaneously without complications, endoscopic or surgical removal may be required in a few children. Thus, FB ingestion presents a significant clinical difficulty in pediatric gastroenterological practice.

Subtherapeutic Infliximab Trough Levels and Complete Mucosal Healing Are Associated With Sustained Clinical Remission After Infliximab Cessation in Paediatric-onset Crohn's Disease Patients Treated With Combined Immunosuppressive Therapy.

Background And Aims: We aimed to investigate the outcome in paediatric-onset Crohn's disease patients who had discontinued infliximab after maintaining clinical remission with combined immunosuppression, and to determine factors associated with clinical relapse.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 63 paediatric-onset Crohn's disease patients who had stopped scheduled infliximab during sustained corticosteroid-free clinical remission for at least 1 year with infliximab and azathioprine, and were followed up for at least 1 year thereafter. Cumulative relapse rates and the median time to relapse were estimated statistically.

Characteristics of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement in Korean Pediatric Crohn's Disease: A Multicenter Study.

Purpose: Crohn's disease (CD) can involve any site of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, the characteristics of upper GIT involvement in CD are unclear, especially in the Eastern pediatric population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of upper GIT involvement and identify the clinical features of Korean children with CD.

Unintended Pulmonary Artery Ligation during PDA Ligation.

A 10-day-old boy was transferred to our hospital due to tachypnea. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 4.8 mm in diameter, with small ASD was diagnosed on echocardiography.

Probiotic bacteria, B. longum and L. acidophilus inhibit infection by rotavirus in vitro and decrease the duration of diarrhea in pediatric patients.

Background And Objectives: Evidence suggests that specific probiotics may be antagonistic to enteric pathogens and enhance immunity, and thus, provide a means of preventing or treating diarrheal diseases. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic strains isolated from Koreans for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis in young children and against rotavirus in vitro.

Methods: In vitro antiviral activities of probiotic isolates on rotavirus infection were investigated in the Vero cell using a plaque reduction assay.

Increased cow's milk protein-specific IgG4 levels after oral desensitization in 7- to 12-month-old infants.

Background: Cow's milk protein (CMP)-specific IgG4 responses and the efficacy of oral desensitization in infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA) warrant more clarification.

Objective: To explore whether CMP-specific IgG4 responses develop during infancy and whether regular CM exposure is efficacious for inducing a CMP-specific IgG4 response accompanying CM desensitization in 7- to 12-month-old infants.

Methods: CM-specific IgE and CMP (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and casein)-specific IgG4 levels were measured in 262 CM-sensitized children.

Polyunsaturated Fatty acids in children.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the major components of brain and retina, and are the essential fatty acids with important physiologically active functions. Thus, PUFAs should be provided to children, and are very important in the brain growth and development for fetuses, newborn infants, and children. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease coronary artery disease and improve blood flow.

Utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (F(E)NO) measurements in diagnosing asthma.

Background: To facilitate the use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (F(E)NO) as a clinical test, F(E)NO measurements need more clarification.

Aim: We sought to evaluate the yield of F(E)NO measurement for the diagnosis of asthma and identify the determinants of F(E)NO in children.

Methods: Two hundred forty five consecutive steroid-naïve patients aged 8-16 years with symptoms suggestive of asthma were included.

Effects of proton pump inhibitors on pediatric inflammatory esophagogastric polyps.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of proton pump inhibitors on symptomatic inflammatory esophagogastric polyps (IEPs) in a pediatric cohort and to determine the optimal duration of treatment.

Methods: The 11 patients with IEPs were managed with lansoprazole. Follow-up endoscopies were performed at 2 and 6 months after the start of medication.

Initial location determines spontaneous passage of foreign bodies from the gastrointestinal tract in children.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to follow the natural course of spontaneous passage (SP) of ingested foreign bodies (FBs) in children.

Methods: The medical records of 249 patients who ingested FBs were reviewed. In addition, they were studied by telephone questionnaires to follow up spontaneously passed FB.

Norovirus: a possible cause of pneumatosis intestinalis.

Objective: Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) in children is associated with immunosuppression, mucosal disruption from trauma, obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital heart disease, and gastrointestinal infections. Our study is the first report of norovirus infection-associated PI.

Patients And Methods: A retrospective review was performed in pediatric patients (older than 30 days) with PI from March 2005 to April 2009.