Development and characterization of microsatellite primers for (Rutaceae).

Premise Of The Study: Polymorphic microsatellite markers of (Rutaceae), a promising medicinal plant with effective antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory compounds, were developed and evaluated for further genetic studies based on genetic variation among individuals or populations.

Methods And Results: Following the selective hybridization method, microsatellite-enrichment libraries were constructed. Using these libraries, we obtained 15 polymorphic and three monomorphic microsatellite markers for .

Development and characterization of microsatellite primers for Chamaecyparis obtusa (Cupressaceae).

Premise Of The Study: Although several microsatellite markers of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Cupressaceae) have been reported in previous studies, we newly developed and evaluated polymorphic microsatellite markers of C. obtusa, an economically important species in Korea as a major forestation tree species, for further genetic studies.

Methods And Results: Microsatellite-enrichment libraries were constructed according to the selective hybridization method.

An investigation into the ameliorating effect of black soybean extract on learning and memory impairment with assessment of neuroprotective effects.

Background: The physiological effects of the non-anthocyanin fraction (NAF) in a black soybean seed coat extract on Aβ-induced oxidative stress were investigated to confirm neuroprotection. In addition, we examined the preventive effect of NAF on cognitive defects induced by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ.

Methods: Levels of cellular oxidative stress were measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA).

Antioxidant and neuronal cell protective effects of columbia arabica coffee with different roasting conditions.

In vitro antioxidant activities and neuronal cell protective effects of ethanol extract from roasted coffee beans were investigated. Colombia arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) green beans were roasted to give medium (230°C, 10 min), city (230°C, 12 min) and french (230°C, 15 min) coffee beans. Total phenolics in raw green beans, medium, city and french-roasted beans were 8.

Black soybean extract protects against TMT-induced cognitive defects in mice.

To find a neuroactive compound with a potent inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and in vivo anti-amnesic activity from natural resources, we evaluated anthocyanins and nonanthocyanins from black soybean extract. Nonanthocyanins from black soybean extract were the most potent and dose-dependent AChE inhibitors. Intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation resulting from H₂O₂ treatment was significantly decreased compared with cells treated with H₂O₂ only.

Ameliorating effects of aged garlic extracts against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment.

Background: In vitro antioxidant activities and neuron-like PC12 cell protective effects of solvent fractions from aged garlic extracts were investigated to evaluate their anti-amnesic functions. Ethyl acetate fractions of aged garlic had higher total phenolics than other fractions.

Methods: Antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate fractions from aged garlic were examined using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect using mouse whole brain homogenates.

Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) leaf extracts protect against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity and cognitive impairment.

The ethylacetate (EtOAc) fraction of blueberry leaf extract was investigated to examine the in vivo antiamnesic effects against amyloid β protein (Aβ)-induced learning and memory deficit. The fraction showed the highest antioxidant activities, and the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species was significantly decreased. Cell viability assays revealed the in vitro cytoprotective effects of the fraction, and the cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase release into the medium was dose-dependently inhibited.

Antiamnesic effects of ethyl acetate fraction from chestnut (Castanea crenata var. dulcis) inner skin on Aβ(25-35)-induced cognitive deficits in mice.

To investigate neuronal cell protective effects of an ethyl acetate fraction from chestnut inner skin, in vitro assays, including 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, 3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were performed. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species resulting from hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) treatment of PC12 cells was significantly reduced when ethyl acetate fractions were present in the medium compared to PC12 cells treated with H(2)O(2) only. In a cell viability assay using MTT, the ethyl acetate fraction protected against H(2)O(2)-induced neurotoxicity, and inhibited LDH release into the medium.