Punitive state policies targeting alcohol use during pregnancy and alcohol consumption among pregnant women.

This study aimed to determine whether punitive state alcohol policies targeting pregnant women who drink alcohol are associated with decreased alcohol consumption among pregnant women over time. This study used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (15 states) between 1990 and 2015. A difference-in-difference (DiD) approach was employed to determine whether passage of state laws changed alcohol consumption rates among pregnant women, while controlling for state and time fixed effects.

Papillary thyroid cancer immune phenotypes via tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte spatial analysis.

Standard-of-care treatment options provide an excellent prognosis for papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs); however, approximately 10% of cases are advanced PTCs, resulting in less than 50% 5-year survival rates. Understanding the tumor microenvironment is essential for understanding cancer progression and investigating potential biomarkers for treatment, such as immunotherapy. Our study focused on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are the main effectors of antitumor immunity and related to the mechanism of immunotherapy.

Correction: Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Association Between Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy: Multisite Retrospective Cohort Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/45358.].

Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Association Between Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy: Multisite Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with a range of adverse birth-related outcomes, including stillbirth, low birth weight, preterm birth, and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). With more than 10% of women consuming alcohol during pregnancy worldwide, it is increasingly important to understand how racial/ethnic variations affect FAS onset. However, whether race and ethnicity inform FAS risk assessment when daily ethanol intake is controlled for remains unknown.

Associations of only-child status with health outcomes and risky behaviors in Korean middle- and high-school students: An outcome-wide analysis.

The proportion of children who are the only child in the family are increasing. Several associations between only-child status and health outcomes or risky behaviors have been identified, but no study has explored associations across a wide range of outcomes in a single study. We used the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationwide cross-sectional survey of 57,303 middle and high school students, to perform an outcome-wide analysis on six health outcomes and risky behaviors, i.

Artificial Intelligence-Powered Hematoxylin and Eosin Analyzer Reveals Distinct Immunologic and Mutational Profiles among Immune Phenotypes in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

The tumor microenvironment can be classified into three immune phenotypes: inflamed, immune excluded, and immune-desert. Immunotherapy efficacy has been shown to vary by phenotype; yet, the mechanisms are poorly understood and demand further investigation. This study unveils the mechanisms using an artificial intelligence-powered software called Lunit SCOPE.

A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews on the Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis.

The number of systematic review and meta-analyses on plantar fasciitis is expanding. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive summary of reviews on the topic pertaining to plantar fasciitis, identify any conflicting and inconsistent results, and propose future research direction. A qualitative review of all systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to plantar fasciitis up to February 2021 was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database.

The importance of timely contact tracing - A simulation study.

Background: While the role of contact tracing in the containment of the COVID-19 epidemic remains important until vaccines are widely available, literature on objectively measurable indicators for the effectiveness of contact tracing is scarce. We suggest the diagnostic serial interval, the time between the diagnosis of the infector and infectee, as a new indicator for the effectiveness of contact tracing.

Methods: Using an agent-based simulation model, we demonstrate how the diagnostic serial interval correlates with the course of the epidemic.

Effect of citrulline on post-exercise rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Citrulline is one of the non-essential amino acids that is thought to improve exercise performance and reduce post-exercise muscle soreness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of citrulline supplements on the post-exercise rating of perceived exertion (RPE), muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels.

Methods: A random effects model was used to calculate the effect sizes due to the high variability in the study design and study populations of the articles included.

Medical students' perspectives on recommencing clinical rotations during coronavirus disease 2019 at one institution in South Korea.

Purpose: Clinical rotations of medical students across the world have inevitably been affected due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aims of this study were to explore medical students' perception on the school's response and management of clinical rotation during the COVID-19 pandemic and on how it had affected the quality of their education.

Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed to third year medical students at one institution whose clinical rotations re-started during the pandemic.

Clinical and radiological outcomes of hemivertebra resection for congenital scoliosis in children under age 10 years: More than 5-year follow-up.

The surgical treatment of congenital scoliosis under 10 years is difficult as it involves resecting vertebrae. Moreover, patient follow-up after surgery is extremely important because the patient is a child whose growth has not been completed. However, there are very few long-term follow-up studies after surgical treatment of congenital scoliosis.

Association between Allergic Rhinitis and Regular Physical Activity in Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Evidence regarding the association between allergic rhinitis (AR) and physical activity (PA) is conflicting. Previous studies have mostly relied only on self-reported symptoms to define AR, did not classify AR by severity or persistence, and included only children or athletes. The present cross-sectional study evaluated the association between PA and objectively-defined AR and its subtypes in the general adult population using data for 1932 eligible participants aged 19 years or older in the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Changes in Subway Ridership in Response to COVID-19 in Seoul, South Korea: Implications for Social Distancing.

Introduction While numerous episodes of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and subsequent government announcements in South Korea were accompanied by widespread social distancing efforts by the people, it is unclear whether these episodes and government announcements were actually influential in improving social distancing, or whether the level of response among different demographic groups varied. Methods Data were downloaded from Seoul Data Open Plaza, and changes in the number of passengers on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway network between January 1, 2020, and March 31, 2020, were used to assess the extent to which people in Seoul practiced social distancing. Five events regarding COVID-19 that received wide public attention between January and March 2020 were identified and the changes in the number of passengers before and after each event were analyzed.