Association of T-Cell Phenotypes With Peri-Coronary Inflammation in People With and Without HIV and Without Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: Persistent immune activation is linked to elevated cardiovascular diseases in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. The fat attenuation index (FAI) is a measure of peri-coronary inflammation that independently predicts cardiovascular disease risk in people without HIV. Whether FAI is associated with immune activation is unknown.

Care to Explain? AI Explanation Types Differentially Impact Chest Radiograph Diagnostic Performance and Physician Trust in AI.

Background It is unclear whether artificial intelligence (AI) explanations help or hurt radiologists and other physicians in AI-assisted radiologic diagnostic decision-making. Purpose To test whether the type of AI explanation and the correctness and confidence level of AI advice impact physician diagnostic performance, perception of AI advice usefulness, and trust in AI advice for chest radiograph diagnosis. Materials and Methods A multicenter, prospective randomized study was conducted from April 2022 to September 2022.

Evaluating the Performance and Bias of Natural Language Processing Tools in Labeling Chest Radiograph Reports.

Background Natural language processing (NLP) is commonly used to annotate radiology datasets for training deep learning (DL) models. However, the accuracy and potential biases of these NLP methods have not been thoroughly investigated, particularly across different demographic groups. Purpose To evaluate the accuracy and demographic bias of four NLP radiology report labeling tools on two chest radiograph datasets.

Sociodemographic biases in a commercial AI model for intracranial hemorrhage detection.

Purpose: To evaluate whether a commercial AI tool for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) detection on head CT exhibited sociodemographic biases.

Methods: Our retrospective study reviewed 9736 consecutive, adult non-contrast head CT scans performed between November 2021 and February 2022 in a single healthcare system. Each CT scan was evaluated by a commercial ICH AI tool and a board-certified neuroradiologist; ground truth was defined as final radiologist determination of ICH presence/absence.

Metal hypersensitivity in trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty: A systematic pattern of progression.

Metal hypersensitivity is a rare and often underestimated complication, as shown by the small number of published studies, particularly concerning the upper limbs and the hand. However, the increase in the annual number of trapeziometacarpal arthroplasties underlines the importance of better understanding of this problem. We performed a study based on data from the revision of trapeziometacarpal prostheses to assess the incidence of this complication and to define a sequence of radiological changes to detect metal hypersensitivity.

Results From the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry: Impact of SARS-COV-2 on Myocardial Involvement.

Objective: COVID-19 has been associated with myocardial involvement in collegiate athletes. The first report from the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry (Registry) was an ecological study that reported myocarditis in 37 of 1597 athletes (2.3%) based on local clinical diagnosis.

Surgical treatment of trigger finger: a comparative study of A1 pulley opening versus ulnar superficialis slip resection.

Trigger finger is a common condition. Surgery most frequently involves opening the A0 and A1 pulleys. However, this shows limited effectiveness in correcting proximal interphalangeal joint fixed flexion deformity.

Association of Lipoprotein(a) with peri-coronary inflammation in persons with and without HIV infection.

Background: Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to persons without HIV (PWoH). Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a known atherosclerotic risk factor in PWoH, but there are no studies investigating Lp(a) and peri-coronary inflammation.

Objective: To investigate whether Lp(a) is associated with peri-coronary inflammation as assessed by the fat attenuation index (FAI) and activated monocytes and T lymphocytes in PWH and PWoH.

Evaluating the Use of ChatGPT to Accurately Simplify Patient-centered Information about Breast Cancer Prevention and Screening.

Purpose To evaluate the use of ChatGPT as a tool to simplify answers to common questions about breast cancer prevention and screening. Materials and Methods In this retrospective, exploratory study, ChatGPT was requested to simplify responses to 25 questions about breast cancer to a sixth-grade reading level in March and August 2023. Simplified responses were evaluated for clinical appropriateness.

Lung-Reporting and Data System 2.0: Impact of the Updated Approach to Juxtapleural Nodules During Lung Cancer Screening Using the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial Data Set.

Purpose: To determine the frequency of malignancy of nonperifissural juxtapleural nodules (JPNs) measuring 6 to < 10 mm in a subset of low-dose chest computed tomographies from the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial and the rate of down-classification of such nodules in Lung-Reporting and Data System (RADS) 2.0 compared with Lung-RADS 1.1.

Association of Soluble Markers of Inflammation With Peri-coronary Artery Inflammation in People With and Without HIV Infection and Without Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: Inflammation is linked to elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Fat attenuation index (FAI) is a measure of peri-coronary inflammation that independently predicts CVD risk in HIV-uninfected persons. Whether FAI is associated with soluble inflammatory markers is unknown.

Multiplexed targeted analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their oxidized products (oxylipins) are important mediators in intra- and extra-cellular signaling. We describe here the simultaneous quantification of 163 PUFAs and oxylipins using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The protocol details steps for PUFA purification from various biological materials, the conditions for LC-MS analysis, as well as quantitative approaches for data evaluation.

Risk factors and treatment interventions associated with incomplete thrombus resolution and pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism.

Background: Residual pulmonary vascular occlusion (RPVO) affects one half of patients after a pulmonary embolism (PE). The relationship between the risk factors and therapeutic interventions for the development of RPVO and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is unknown.

Methods: This retrospective review included PE patients within a 26-month period who had baseline and follow-up imaging studies (ie, computed tomography [CT], ventilation/perfusion scans, transthoracic echocardiography) available.

Analysis of polar primary metabolites in biological samples using targeted metabolomics and LC-MS.

Primary metabolites are molecules of essential biochemical reactions that define the biological phenotype. All primary metabolites cannot be measured in a single analysis. In this protocol, we outline the multiplexed and quantitative measurement of 106 metabolites that cover the central part of primary metabolism.

Metastatic Pulmonary Calcification: Single-Center Review of Typical and Atypical Imaging Features.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to bring attention to an atypical form of metastatic pulmonary calcification, which is conventionally described as a metabolic process with upper lobe predominance in patients with a specific clinical history, which has not been reported as a distinct entity.

Methods: Patients with metastatic pulmonary calcification (MPC) were first identified with mPower keyword search, including MPC or metastatic calcifications on computed tomography chest radiological reports. Patients were then filtered on likelihood of MPC based off imaging reports.

Applying Artificial Intelligence to Pediatric Chest Imaging: Reliability of Leveraging Adult-Based Artificial Intelligence Models.

Objective: The scarcity of artificial intelligence (AI) applications designed for use in pediatric patients can cause a significant health disparity in this vulnerable population. We investigated the performance of an adult-trained algorithm in detecting pneumonia in a pediatric population to explore the viability of leveraging adult-trained algorithms to accelerate pediatric AI research.

Methods: We analyzed a publicly available pediatric chest x-ray dataset using an AI algorithm from TorchXRayVision.

Systematic Review of Radiology Residency Artificial Intelligence Curricula: Preparing Future Radiologists for the Artificial Intelligence Era.

Objective: Although educating radiology trainees about artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly emphasized, the types of AI educational curricula are not well understood. We performed a systematic review of original studies describing curricula used to teach AI concepts and practical applications for radiology residents and fellows.

Materials And Methods: We performed a PubMed search for original studies published as of July 22, 2022, describing AI curricula geared toward radiology residents or fellows.

Acute pain after digital crushing and nicotine intoxication. Cigarettes are always a false friend. A prospective study.

Background: Nicotine addiction is a public health problem. Our hypothesis was that the degree of nicotine dependence is positively correlated with the perceived intensity of acute pain.

Materials And Methods: A single-center prospective comparative observational study was conducted from 2019 to 2021.

A pilot study of deep learning-based CT volumetry for traumatic hemothorax.

Purpose: We employ nnU-Net, a state-of-the-art self-configuring deep learning-based semantic segmentation method for quantitative visualization of hemothorax (HTX) in trauma patients, and assess performance using a combination of overlap and volume-based metrics. The accuracy of hemothorax volumes for predicting a composite of hemorrhage-related outcomes - massive transfusion (MT) and in-hospital mortality (IHM) not related to traumatic brain injury - is assessed and compared to subjective expert consensus grading by an experienced chest and emergency radiologist.

Materials And Methods: The study included manually labeled admission chest CTs from 77 consecutive adult patients with non-negligible (≥ 50 mL) traumatic HTX between 2016 and 2018 from one trauma center.