Navigating the landscape of HPV-associated cancers: From epidemiology to prevention.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread infection associated with various cancers, including cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, and genital cancers. This infection contributes to 5 % of global cancer cases annually, affecting approximately 625,600 women and 69,400 men. Cervical cancer remains the most prevalent HPV-linked cancer among females, with the highest incidence seen in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Ectopic Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Anterior Neck Region with a Normal Thyroid Gland-A Rare Entity.

Ectopic thyroid tissue is defined as thyroid tissue that is present at a location other than its normal anatomical location. It can have any pathological condition that could impact the orthotopic thyroid gland. However, ectopic thyroid tissue seldom becomes malignant, and the occurrence of a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma in ectopic thyroid is much more unusual.

Spindle cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A diagnostic challenge - A rare case report with brief review of literature.

Objective: Primary Spindle cell tumors of the thyroid are very rare and comprise a myriad of differential diagnoses ranging from reactive proliferations to neoplastic processes. Differentiation amongst these rare entities is of utmost importance as it defines the prognosis and also guides future therapy.

Case Report: Hereby, we present a rare case of spindle cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma in a sixty-four-year-old female which posed a diagnostic challenge on histology.

Cytological Diagnosis of Pilomatrixoma and its Diagnostic Pitfalls.

Background: Pilomatrixoma (PMX) is a relatively uncommon benign cutaneous neoplasm arising from skin adnexa. It presents as a subcutaneous asymptomatic nodule mostly in the head and neck region and is frequently misdiagnosed by the clinicians. Although easily diagnosed on histopathology, the cytologic features of PMX are less distinctive, depending on the stage and evolution of disease and may mimic other benign or even malignant lesions.

A histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis of endometrial lesions among women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.

Objectives: We aimed to histopathologically evaluate the morphological spectrum, apoptotic index (AI), and mitotic index (MI) of endometrial lesions in patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done over a period of 18 months where a total of 60 newly diagnosed cases of perimenopausal women presenting with AUB were included. All H and E stained pathology slides from the specimens were reviewed for initial histopathological evaluation and diagnosis.

Critical Analysis of Laboratory Requisition Forms Received in a Cytopathology Laboratory of a Tertiary Care Centre: An Audit and Review of Literature.

Background: A laboratory requisition form (LRF) is the main communication link between the laboratories and the clinicians. In a cytopathology laboratory, incomplete forms with inadequate information significantly impact the quality of the results and waste precious time of the lab.

Aims: The aim of this study was to audit the LRFs for adequacy of demographic and clinical data and to analyze the reasons for the same.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma of maxilla.

It is often documented that chronic irritation could be an etiology of oral cancer; yet out of negligence little heed is paid to any sort of discomfort until it grows to a sizable mass where it is difficult to go unnoticed. Intraorally, the source of irritation could vary from a jagged tooth edge to a chronic cheek bite. Furthermore, the removable prosthesis and orthodontic appliances can lead to alteration of the oral mucosal tissue.

Recently Described Entity of Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm of Gallbladder with Coexisting Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis: an Unusual Association.

Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN) of the gallbladder is a relatively new concept and is suspected to share clinicopathologic features with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB). The literature on the clinicopathologic characteristics of preinvasive intraepithelial neoplasms of the gall bladder is fairly limited, partly owing to variability in its definition and terminology. We report an extremely rare case of coexistent xanthogranulomatous inflammation and intracholecystic tubulo-papillary neoplasm with low-grade dysplasia in a 48-year-old male patient.

Importance of eosinophilic structures and its correlation with acid fast bacilli in fine needle aspiration smears of tubercular lymphadenitis.

Background: The hallmark of tuberculosis in cytological smears is the presence of epithelioid cell granulomas, necrosis and AFB. In cases, where AFB not detected, diagnosis of tuberculosis can be made by ancillary tests like PCR which requires infrastructure besides being expensive. In India, where majority of population is rural-based there is an imminent need of some morphological change in cytological smears which can point towards diagnosis of tuberculosis in absence of AFB.

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking advanced gallbladder carcinoma - Analysis of 8 cases.

Background/aim: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare destructive inflammatory disease of the gallbladder. It is frequently misdiagnosed as gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) as it mimics latter with regard to clinical manifestations, imaging and intraoperative findings, often leading to extended surgical resection in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic dilemma of XGC cases clinico-radiologically diagnosed with GBC.

Synchronous benign Brenner's tumor of ovary with leiomyoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma in a postmenopausal female.

Brenner tumors of ovary are usually an incidental finding. It is an uncommon tumor which is seen affecting women of fifth to sixth decade. It is classified under transitional cell tumors of ovary, which includes benign, borderline, and malignant Brenner tumors and transitional cell carcinoma.

Toward early diagnosis of oral cancer: Diagnostic utility of cytomorphological features, a pilot study.

Introduction: Early detection of oral cancer is one of the most efficient ways to reduce the high mortality from this disease because of the ready accessibility of the oral cavity. We need to devise urgent diagnostic tools to detect early oral premalignant and malignant lesions.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to grade the oral lesions in an attempt toward developing a novel cytological grading system.

Pancreatic and Gastric Heterotopia in the Gallbladder: A Rare Incidental Finding.

Heterotopic or ectopic tissue is a congenital anomaly, which is defined as the presence of the tissue outside its normal location, without neural, vascular, or anatomic connection with the main body of an organ in which it normally exists. This tissue is usually discovered incidentally and may be asymptomatic or may present with nonspecific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Pancreatic and gastric heterotopia are the two predominantly occurring heterotopic tissues in the GI tract.

Video projected practical examination as an introduction to formative assessment tool for undergraduate examination in pathology.

Background: Assessment of the medical students includes theory as well as practical assessment. Traditional practical examination in pathology which includes viva and spots is now increasingly being questioned because of their inherent lack of validity and reliability, time consumption, and human resource requirement. Therefore, a need was felt for another form of practical examination which can be used as formative assessment, and if found feasible, can be employed in summative assessment too.

Retained Fetal Bones: An Unusual Cause of Granulomatous Reaction on Papanicolaou Smear.

Granulomas are a rare finding on Papanicolaou (Pap) smear which if encountered are usually attributed to tuberculosis, especially in an endemic country like India. Here, we report an interesting case of a 40-year-old female presenting with blood-stained discharge and chronic pelvic pain for 8 years. She was advised Pap smear which showed granulomatous inflammation suggestive of tuberculosis.

Poorly differentiated carcinoma of thyroid: Case report of an uncommon entity.

Malignant thyroid tumors of follicular origin comprise a spectrum, with the indolent well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) at one end and lethal anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) at the other. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) lies intermediately between WDTC and ATC in terms of morphology and prognostic standpoint. This thyroglobulin producing neoplasm accounts for 4-7% of all thyroid malignancies.

Intramuscular Hibernoma of the Scapular Region Misdiagnosed on Cytology as a Malignant Lesion: A Report of a Rare Case.

Hibernomas are extremely rare benign tumors of adipose tissue characterized by an admixture of brown fat cells with granular, multivacuolated cytoplasm and white fat cells. Hibernomas account for 1.6% of benign adipose tissue tumors and approximately 1.

Clinical study of extrapulmonary head and neck tuberculosis in an urban setting.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the head and neck region is quite common in endemic countries, but is still misdiagnosed due to its varied presentation and different sites of involvement. The aims of the present study were to present the diversities of presentation of head and neck tuberculosis with the diagnostic predicaments faced during evaluation and to assess treatment response to anti-tubercular treatment (ATT). We analysed 48 patients with head and neck tuberculosis who presented to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology in our tertiary care urban hospital over a period of two years from 2013 to 2015 and recorded their data, which included presenting complaints, local and systemic examination findings, investigation results and treatment outcomes.

Cytological diagnosis of crystallizing galactocele - report of an unusual case.

Crystallizing galactocele is a very rare entity which yields a viscous, chalky material on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). FNAC is used both for diagnosis as well as treatment of this condition. We present here a case of 26 years old lactating female who presented with swelling in the right breast for 8 months.

Isolated lingual cysticercosis: A rare case diagnosed on cytology.

Cysticercosis is caused by larval stage of Taenia solium called cysticercus cellulosae. Cysticercosis most commonly infects skeletal muscles, subcutaneous tissues, brain and ocular tissue. On extensive search of literature, only around 64 cases of lingual cysticercosis have been reported till date.

Clinicopathological Study of Eosinophilic Cholecystitis: Five Year Single Institution Experience.

Introduction: Gallbladder diseases are very common in Northern India, most common of which is Chronic Cholecystitis. Rarely, histopathological diagnosis of Eosinophilic Cholecystitis (EC) is given when transmural cellular infiltrate consists of more than 90% eosinophils.

Aim: To determine the prevalence and clinicopathological profile of eosinophilic cholecystitis at a tertiary care hospital of New Delhi.

Unusual Histology in Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Report of an Interesting Case.

Hodgkin's lymphoma has a significant presence in the Indian subcontinent. Microscopically, the hallmark of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cell, which is usually surrounded by a cellular infiltrate of non-malignant inflammatory cells that constitute the majority of the tumor tissue. Cells which are known to be histologic mimics of HRS cells include immunoblasts, plasmablasts and rarely dendritic cells.

Adnexal Tumors of Skin: An Experience at a Tertiary Care Center at Delhi.

Background: Adnexal skin tumors are a heterogeneous group of uncommon tumors usually misdiagnosed clinically due to a huge variety of types and their variants. Histopathology usually helps in establishing the diagnosis.

Aims: The study was undertaken to analyze the morphological, clinical, and histological features of adnexal tumors (ATs) of the skin at our center over a period of 4 years.