[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in literature, cinema and television].

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a progressive course that affects the corticospinal and spinal cord motor neurons, the main manifestations of which are muscular weakness, amyotrophy and hyperreflexia. It has an incidence of 0.4-2.

Ratings of ADHD symptoms and academic impairment by mothers, fathers, teachers, and aides: construct validity within and across settings as well as occasions.

A Multiple Indicator × Multiple Trait × Multiple Source × Multiple Occasion design was used to evaluate invariance, convergent and discriminant validity of ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and academic impairment scores from the Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory (CADBI) using confirmatory factor analysis. Mothers, fathers, teachers, and aides completed the CADBI on 811 Spanish 1st-grade children (54% boys) twice (6-week separation). For mothers and fathers, like loadings, thresholds/intercepts, factor means, factor variances, and factor covariances/correlations were invariant across sources and occasions.

Distinctions between sluggish cognitive tempo, ADHD-IN, and depression symptom dimensions in Spanish first-grade children.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of a new parent rating scale of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT). SCT was defined with 10 symptom domains--daydreams; attention fluctuates; absentminded; loses train of thought; easily confused; seems drowsy; thinking is slow; slow-moving; low initiative; and easily bored, needs stimulation--with each domain represented by multiple examples. Mothers' and fathers' ratings of SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and depression symptoms along with ratings of academic and social impairment were obtained for a sample of 802 Spanish first-grade children (54% boys).

[Epilepsy in literature, cinema and television].

Introduction: Literature, cinema and television have often portrayed stereotypical images of people that have epilepsy and have helped foster false beliefs about the disease.

Aim: To examine the image of epilepsy presented by literature, cinema and television over the years.

Development: Epilepsy has frequently been portrayed in literary works, films and television series, often relating it with madness, delinquency, violent behaviours or possession by the divine or the diabolical, all of which has helped perpetuate our ancestral beliefs.