Incidence, Mortality, and Trends of Prostate Cancer in Mexico from 2000 to 2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

In 2019, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimated that prostate cancer (PC) was the 16th most common cause of death globally in males. In Mexico, PC epidemiology has been studied by a number of metrics and over various periods, although without including the most up-to-date estimates. Herein, we describe and compare the burdens and trends of PC in Mexico and its 32 states from 2000 to 2019.

Cytogenomic characterization of a de novo 4q34.1 deletion in a girl with mild dysmorphic features and a coagulation disorder.

Background: 4q deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that mostly arises de novo. The syndrome is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, digital abnormalities, skeletal alterations, heart malformations, developmental delay, growth retardation, Pierre Robin sequence, autistic spectrum and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, although not every patient shows the same features. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) use improves the detection of tiny chromosomal deletions and allows for a better understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations in affected patients.

Report of trisomy 2q34-qter and monosomy 4q35.2-qter in a child with mild dysmorphic syndrome and karyotype 46,XY,der(4)t(2;4)(q34;q35.2)pat.

Background: Concomitant trisomy 2q3 and monosomy 4q3 have been rarely reported. Pure trisomy 2q3 has been associated with microcephaly, hypertelorism, low-set ears, micrognathia, visceral abnormalities, and growth retardation. Monosomy 4q3 includes a wide variety of dysmorphic features such an abnormal skull shape, hypertelorism, Pierre Robin sequence, short nose with abnormal bridge, fifth finger clinodactyly, congenital heart, and genitourinary defects, in addition to intellectual disability, developmental delay, and hypotonia, but more distal deletions involving 4q34-qter may result in milder phenotypes.

Familial 3-Way Balanced Translocation Causes 1q43→qter Loss and 10q25.2→qter Gain in a Severely Affected Male Toddler.

Constitutional complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRs) are rare events that typically involve 2 or more chromosomes with at least 3 breakpoints and can result in normal or abnormal phenotypes depending on whether they disturb the euchromatic neighborhood. Here, we report an unusual balanced CCR involving chromosomes 1, 9, and 10 that causes an unbalanced karyotype in a severely affected toddler. The CCR was initially reported as a maternal 2-way translocation but was reclassified as a 3-way translocation after a microarray analysis of the propositus revealed the involvement of another chromosome not identified by G-banding in his phenotypically normal mother.

Strategies of Intracellular Pathogens for Obtaining Iron from the Environment.

Most microorganisms are destroyed by the host tissues through processes that usually involve phagocytosis and lysosomal disruption. However, some organisms, called intracellular pathogens, are capable of avoiding destruction by growing inside macrophages or other cells. During infection with intracellular pathogenic microorganisms, the element iron is required by both the host cell and the pathogen that inhabits the host cell.