Pancreatic Frozen Section Guides Operative Management With Few Deferrals and Errors.

Context.—: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment, and frozen section analysis is used to confirm diagnosis and determine resectability and margin status.

Liver Transplant for Management of Hepatic Complications of Dyskeratosis Congenita: A Case Report.

Dyskeratosis congenita, a rare genetic disorder typified by progressive bone marrow failure, is classically characterized by the triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and oral leukoplakia; however, it is a multisystem disease. Although hepatic involvement occurs in about 7% of patients with dyskeratosis congenita, end-stage liver disease is rare. Treatment of dyskeratosis congenita generally involves hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Semi-quantitative evaluation of brain gliomas in adults: A focus on neuropathological characteristics.

Introduction: Gliomas are neoplasms with high recurrence and mortality. Due to the difficulty to apply the World Health Organization (2016) classification, developing countries continue to use histological evaluation to diagnose and classify these neoplasms.

Objective: To develop a semi-quantitative scale to numerically grade gliomas by its morphological characteristics.

Acute fatal myocarditis after a single dose of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, autopsy findings: a case report.

Nivolumab (PD-1 inhibitor) and Ipilimumab (CTLA-34 inhibitor) are both commonly used immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies for various cancers. Various adverse events are associated with these therapies, including hepatitis, nephritis, dermatitis, and myocarditis. It is believed these adverse events occur in part because modified cellular receptors lead to enhanced CD4 and CD8 lymphoproliferation.

Evaluación semicuantitativa de gliomas cerebrales en adultos: un enfoque de las características neuropatológicas.

Introduction: Gliomas are neoplasms with high recurrence and mortality. Due to the difficulty to apply the World Health Organization (2016) classification, developing countries continue to use histological evaluation to diagnose and classify these neoplasms.

Objective: To develop a semi-quantitative scale to numerically grade gliomas morphological characteristics.

Pituitary carcinomas: review of the current literature and report of atypical case.

Pituitary carcinomas are poorly understood, rare entities. They are distinguished from adenomas not by histopathological features but rather by the presence of metastases. We discuss the diagnosis, mechanism of dissemination and pathogenesis based on a review of the literature and illustrated by a singular case.

Clinicopathologic characteristics, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and programed cell death ligand-1 expression in 162 endometrial carcinomas with deficient mismatch repair function.

Objective: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) protein has been reported to have increased tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. TILs and PD-L1 expression are compared between two main types of dMMR ECs (epigenetic dMMR due to MLH1 promoter methylation vs mutated dMMR due to genetic mutation).

Methods: Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 was performed in triplicate on tissue microarray sections.

A case of bacteremia in continental United States.

Introduction: has been associated with open wound infections, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 41 year old woman with history of congenital myelomeningocele, paraplegia and extensive decubitus ulcers that developed bacteremia secondary to an infected ulcer.

Conclusion: is an emerging human pathogen that can be readily identified by MALDI-TOF or sequencing.

Practical Diagnostic Approach to the Presence of Hyphae in Neuropathology Specimens With Three Illustrative Cases.

Objectives: Early and accurate diagnosis remains crucial in the therapeutic management of invasive central nervous system fungal infections. Different molds have intrinsic resistance to antifungal agents; thus, morphologic differentiation is helpful to clinicians.

Methods: Using three examples, we present a guide on how to approach neuropathology specimens where hyphae are identified on initial histologic examination.

Hydrophilic Polymer-associated Ischemic Enterocolitis.

Hydrophilic polymer coating of medical devices serves to lubricate the device and prevent device-related complications. The coating can be mechanically disrupted and result in downstream injury via presumed thromboembolism. This process has been reported in the brain, heart, lung, and skin, and has been replicated through animal studies and in vitro histologic processing of the polymer coating.

Boring sponges, an increasing threat for coral reefs affected by bleaching events.

Coral bleaching is a stress response of corals induced by a variety of factors, but these events have become more frequent and intense in response to recent climate-change-related temperature anomalies. We tested the hypothesis that coral reefs affected by bleaching events are currently heavily infested by boring sponges, which are playing a significant role in the destruction of their physical structure. Seventeen reefs that cover the entire distributional range of corals along the Mexican Pacific coast were studied between 2005/2006, and later between 2009/2010.

HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncogene expression is downregulated as a result of Mdm2 knockdown.

The carcinogenic potential of HPV infections is based on the integration and constitutive expression of the E6 and E7 genes which inhibit the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor proteins. In normal cells, Mdm2 regulates p53 in a negative feedback loop, and although Mdm2 is apparently functional in HPV-infected cells, E6 is the protein responsible for repressing p53 replacing Mdm2 function. The role of Mdm2 in HPV-positive cells is still elusive.