Murburn precepts for lactic-acidosis, Cori cycle, and Warburg effect: Interactive dynamics of dehydrogenases, protons, and oxygen.

It is unresolved why lactate is transported to the liver for further utilization within the physiological purview of Cori cycle, when muscles have more lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) than liver. We point out that the answer lies in thermodynamics/equilibriums. While the utilization of NADH for the reduction of pyruvate to lactate can be mediated via the classical mechanism, the oxidation of lactate (with/without the uphill reduction of NAD ) necessitates alternative physiological approaches.