Evaluation of aqueous dimethyl trisulfide as an antidote to a highly lethal cyanide poisoning in a large swine model.

Background: Cyanide is a rapid acting, lethal, metabolic poison and remains a significant threat. Current FDA-approved antidotes are not amenable or efficient enough for a mass casualty incident.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate short and long-term efficacy of intramuscular aqueous dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) on survival and clinical outcomes in a swine model of cyanide exposure.

Analysis of the Soil Fumigant, Dimethyl Disulfide, in Swine Blood by Dynamic Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy.

Plant parasites and soilborne pathogens directly reduce the overall yield of crops, vegetables, and fruits, negatively impacting the market demand for these products and their net profitability. While preplant soil fumigation helps maintain the consistent production quality of high-value cash crops, most soil fumigants are toxic to off-target species, including humans. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) has recently been introduced as a relatively low toxicity soil fumigant.

Stability and Hydrolysis of Desomorphine-Glucuronide.

Desomorphine, the principal opioid in Krokodil, has an analgesic potency approximately ten-times that of morphine. Similar to other opioids, during phase II metabolism it undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid to form desomorphine-glucuronide. Although hydrolysis of conjugated species is sometimes required prior to analysis, desomorphine-glucuronide has not been fully investigated.

Quantitative analysis of desomorphine in blood and urine using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Desomorphine, a semi-synthetic opioid, is a component of the street drug Krokodil. Despite continued reports of Krokodil use, confirmation via toxicological testing remains scarce. The lack of confirmed desomorphine reports may be in part due to the limited published analytical methodology capable of detecting desomorphine at forensically relevant concentrations.

Analysis of Desomorphine in Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Desomorphine is a primary component of the drug Krokodil. While reports of Krokodil use continue to appear in the literature, analytically confirmed cases remain quite scarce. This might be attributed to trends in geographical use, and limited published analytical methodology to detect its use.

In vitro metabolism of desomorphine.

Desomorphine is reported to be the principal pharmacologically active opioid in Krokodil, a homemade injectable drug that is perceived to be a cheaper alternative to heroin. There have been limited studies regarding its pharmacology or detection in biological matrices. The goal of this study was to contribute further knowledge regarding its metabolism.

Desomorphine Screening Using Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays.

Desomorphine ("Krokodil") is a semi-synthetic opioid that has drawn attention as a recreational drug, particularly in Russia, neighboring former Soviet Republics, Eastern and Central Europe. It has no accepted medicinal uses and is currently a schedule I drug in the United States. In clandestine environments, desomorphine is synthesized from codeine using red phosphorous, hydroiodic acid and gasoline.