PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY AND OCULAR ISCHEMIC SYNDROME AFTER INTRANASAL STEROID INJECTION: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.

Purpose: To describe a case of paracentral acute middle maculopathy and ocular ischemic syndrome after intranasal steroid injection.

Methods: Case report.

Results: Following an intranasal steroid injection, the patient experienced an episode of amaurosis fugax in her right eye lasting several minutes.

Vitreous and Chorioretinal Lesions in People Who Inject Drugs and Are Hospitalized with Bloodstream and Related Infections.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of and to characterize vitreous and chorioretinal lesions, to identify causative organisms, and to correlate symptoms with ophthalmic involvement in people who inject drugs and are hospitalized with bloodstream infection (BSI), related metastatic foci of infection (MFI), or both.

Design: An academic hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Participants: Patients admitted with BSI or MFI related to injection drug use (IDU).

Swept source OCTA reveals a link between choriocapillaris blood flow and vision loss in a case of tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive technique that is useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with posterior uveitis. Here we report the use of swept source OCTA (SS-OCTA) in a patient with tuberculosis (TB) associated serpiginous like choroiditis (TB-SLC) that made a full visual recovery following treatment with ATT, local and systemic corticosteroids, and systemic immune modulation. By comparing images of choriocapillaris (CC) blood flow before and after treatment, we conclude that the patient's visual recovery was associated with resolution of extensive CC flow deficits.

ENDOPHTHALMITIS PRESENTING AS RETINAL VASCULITIS LESS THAN 24 HOURS AFTER AFLIBERCEPT INJECTION: A CASE REPORT.

Purpose: We describe a case of endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus salivarius presenting as a retinal vasculitis less than 24 hours after intravitreal injection.

Methods: A case report.

Results: The patient progressed from a hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis to severe endophthalmitis with no view to the posterior segment within 24 hours.

Endogenous endophthalmitis.

Purpose: To report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis.

Observations: An immunosuppressed patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia undergoing chemotherapy presents with rapidly progressing panophthalmitis. The patient was treated medically without improvement and underwent a pars plana vitrectomy which showed multiple retinal abscesses.

Quantitative Analysis of the Choriocapillaris in Uveitis Using En Face Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose: To perform a quantitative analysis of choriocapillaris (CC) flow deficits (FDs) in patients with uveitis.

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Methods: Swept-source optical coherence tomography based angiography (SS-OCTA) macular volume scans (3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm) were obtained using the Plex Elite 9000.

Use of En Face Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Identifying Choroidal Flow Voids in 3 Patients With Birdshot Chorioretinopathy.

Importance: Patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) can experience a delay in diagnosis owing to the challenges of identifying the condition prior to evolution of characteristic choroidal scars. An objective, noninvasive method for detecting early lesions in BSCR might have an effect on preventing vision loss in these patients.

Objective: To test the feasibility of swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) in the detection of BSCR choroidal lesions and to use en face image analysis of choroidal layers to localize lesion depth.

Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonism Modulates Inflammatory Signaling in Experimental Uveitis.

Background: The phospholipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates an inflammatory response that includes arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin production in the eye, increasing vascular permeability and inflammation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the action of LAU-0901, a novel PAF receptor antagonist, on experimental uveitis.

Methods: Uveitis was induced in Lewis rats by lipopolysaccharide treatment.

Cytokines in uveitis.

Purpose Of Review: Increasing evidence supports Th17 cells as key mediators of ocular inflammatory disease. Cytokines that are important for the development and pathologic function of these cells are potential therapeutic targets in patients with immune mediated uveitis. This review provides an overview of these cytokines including recent insights about their roles in ocular inflammation from laboratory and clinical studies.

Multimodal imaging evidence of pathology-mediated disease distribution in corticobasal syndrome.

Objective: To use multimodal neuroimaging to evaluate the influence of heterogeneous underlying pathology in corticobasal syndrome (CBS) on the neuroanatomical distribution of disease.

Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of 35 patients with CBS with T1-weighted MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and neuropathologic, genetic, or CSF evidence of underlying pathology. Patients were assigned to 2 groups: those with evidence of Alzheimer pathology (CBS-AD) and those without Alzheimer pathology (CBS-non-AD).

Comparative Effectiveness of Statin Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Whether there is a kidney function threshold to statin effectiveness in patients with acute myocardial infarction is poorly understood. Our study sought to help fill this gap in clinical knowledge.

Methods: We undertook a new-user cohort study of the effectiveness of statin therapy by level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in adults who were hospitalized for myocardial infarction between 2000 and 2008.

Regulation of intrinsic axon growth ability at retinal ganglion cell growth cones.

Purpose: Mammalian central nervous system neurons fail to regenerate after injury or disease, in part due to a progressive loss in intrinsic axon growth ability after birth. Whether lost axon growth ability is due to limited growth resources or to changes in the axonal growth cone is unknown.

Methods: Static and time-lapse images of purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were analyzed for axon growth rate and growth cone morphology and dynamics without treatment and after manipulating Kruppel-like transcription factor (KLF) expression or applying mechanical tension.

Ocular surface neoplasias and human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Purpose Of Review: Ocular surface malignancy is a serious complication in HIV infection, but can often result in successful treatment if diagnosed appropriately. In the literature, most reviews focus on information for the ophthalmic community. Here, we provide a review of the literature with the pertinent information for the nonophthalmologist, as they are the first point of contact for most HIV patients.

Mitochondrial dynamics regulate growth cone motility, guidance, and neurite growth rate in perinatal retinal ganglion cells in vitro.

Purpose: Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and failed axonal regeneration after trauma or disease, including glaucomatous and mitochondrial optic neuropathies, are linked increasingly to dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics. However, how mitochondrial dynamics influence axon growth largely is unstudied. We examined intrinsic mitochondrial organization in embryonic and postnatal RGCs and the roles that mitochondrial dynamics have in regulating neurite growth and guidance.

Nanoparticle-mediated signaling endosome localization regulates growth cone motility and neurite growth.

Understanding neurite growth regulation remains a seminal problem in neurobiology. During development and regeneration, neurite growth is modulated by neurotrophin-activated signaling endosomes that transmit regulatory signals between soma and growth cones. After injury, delivering neurotrophic therapeutics to injured neurons is limited by our understanding of how signaling endosome localization in the growth cone affects neurite growth.

Preserved musical semantic memory in semantic dementia.

Objective: To understand the scope of semantic impairment in semantic dementia.

Design: Case study.

Setting: Academic medical center.

Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease. A collaborative meta-analysis of kidney disease population cohorts.

We studied here the independent associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria with mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We performed a collaborative meta-analysis of 13 studies totaling 21,688 patients selected for CKD of diverse etiology. After adjustment for potential confounders and albuminuria, we found that a 15 ml/min per 1.

The aging kidney: physiological changes.

Age-associated loss of kidney function has been recognized for decades. With aging, many subjects exhibit progressive decreases in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, with wide variability among individuals. The fall in glomerular filtration rate is because of reductions in the glomerular capillary plasma flow rate and the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient.

Numerosity impairment in corticobasal syndrome.

Objective: We assessed the representation of numerosity in corticobasal syndrome (CBS), a neurodegenerative condition affecting the parietal lobe.

Method: Patients judged whether a target numerosity (e.g.

Poor lymphoproliferative responses with low proportion of Gag-specific CD8 TEMRA cells in HIV-1-infected patients showing immunological and virological discordance despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia.

We investigated in-vitro lymphoproliferative responses and T-cell subsets in 38 HIV-1-infected patients showing impaired restoration of CD4 T cells despite prolonged viral suppression (discordant), and in 42 HIV-1-infected patients showing positive immunological and virological responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (concordant). In comparison to concordant patients, discordant patients showed poor lymphocyte proliferation, lower secretion of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, a lower percentage of perforin and granzyme-B-producing CD8 T cells, and poor differentiation of effector memory CD8 T(EM) cells into CD8 T(EMRA) cells in in-vitro stimulation assays, especially against HIV-1 Gag p24 and one of its peptide pools. Functional CD8 T-cell responses of discordant patients after stimulation with recall antigens, Candida albicans, and tetanus toxoid, were also inferior to concordant patients, but comparable to normal healthy controls.