Aedes albopictus saliva contains a richer microbial community than the midgut.

Background: Past findings demonstrate that arthropods can egest midgut microbiota into the host skin leading to dual colonization of the vertebrate host with pathogens and saliva microbiome. A knowledge gap exists on how the saliva microbiome interacts with the pathogen in the saliva. To fill this gap, we need to first define the microbial composition of mosquito saliva.

Maintenance of a host-specific minority mutation in the West Nile virus NS3.

West Nile virus (WNV), the most prevalent arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the United States, is maintained in a cycle between spp. mosquitoes and birds. Arboviruses exist within hosts and vectors as a diverse set of closely related genotypes.

Phylogenomic Diversity Elucidates Mechanistic Insights into Lyme Borreliae-Host Association.

Host association-the selective adaptation of pathogens to specific host species-evolves through constant interactions between host and pathogens, leaving a lot yet to be discovered on immunological mechanisms and genomic determinants. The causative agents of Lyme disease (LD) are spirochete bacteria composed of multiple species of the Borrelia burgdorferi complex, including B. burgdorferi (), the main LD pathogen in North America-a useful model for the study of mechanisms underlying host-pathogen association.

Cellular and immunological mechanisms influence host-adapted phenotypes in a vector-borne microparasite.

Predicting pathogen emergence and spillover risk requires understanding the determinants of a pathogens' host range and the traits involved in host competence. While host competence is often considered a fixed species-specific trait, it may be variable if pathogens diversify across hosts. Balancing selection can lead to maintenance of pathogen polymorphisms (multiple-niche-polymorphism; MNP).

Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA.

Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquitoborne virus that infects livestock and humans. We report results of surveillance for CVV in New York, USA, during 2000-2016; full-genome analysis of selected CVV isolates from sheep, horse, humans, and mosquitoes from New York and Canada; and phenotypic characterization of selected strains. We calculated infection rates by using the maximum-likelihood estimation method by year, region, month, and mosquito species.

Corrigendum: Zika Virus Infection Results in Biochemical Changes Associated With RNA Editing, Inflammatory and Antiviral Responses in .

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.

Vector Competence of Aedes albopictus Populations from the Northeastern United States for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses.

The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an important vector of a number of arboviruses, including Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses, and has recently expanded its range in the eastern United States to southern New England and New York. Given the recent establishment and proliferation of Ae. albopictus in this region and the increasing amount of international travel between the United States and endemic countries, there is a need to elucidate the public health risk posed by this mosquito species in the Northeast.

Zika Virus Infection Results in Biochemical Changes Associated With RNA Editing, Inflammatory and Antiviral Responses in .

Rapid and significant range expansion of both the Zika virus (ZIKV) and its vector species has resulted in the declaration of ZIKV as a global health threat. Successful transmission of ZIKV by its vector requires a complex series of interactions between these entities including the establishment, replication and dissemination of the virus within the mosquito. The metabolic conditions within the mosquito tissues play a critical role in mediating the crucial processes of viral infection and replication and represent targets for prevention of virus transmission.

Reliability of routine anthropometric measurements to estimate body composition in term infants.

Background: Birth weight percentiles provide limited information on qualitative infant growth. Body composition provides estimates of fat mass, fat-free mass, and body fat percentage (adiposity). We sought to implement assessment of body composition at birth into clinical practice using a validated anthropometric equation and to evaluate measurement reliability.

Acute Liver Failure due to Miliary Liver Metastasis.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a medical emergency with high mortality. Accurate etiological diagnosis, intensive liver support, and liver transplantation are critical for the management of these patients. Malignant infiltration of the liver uncommonly results in ALF.

Subcutaneous daidzein administration enhances recovery of skilled ladder rung walking performance following stroke in rats.

Stroke is a devastating event which can result in permanent disability. Due to the lack of treatments available for use after stroke, compounds which work to limit cell loss, reduce behavioral deficits, and enhance recovery of function are needed. The isoflavone daidzein has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective when fed to rats beginning prior to stroke.