Training on Inpatient Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Units.

Child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) inpatient units are a common site in academic settings for trainee education. The authors review the foundational aspects of education that should be covered during these rotations. Trainees should begin with a solid foundation of child and adolescent development and learn how this impacts risk assessment, formulation, and treatment planning.

Proposed Tool to Compare and Assess the Applicability of Taste Assessment Techniques for Pharmaceuticals.

Palatability is amongst the most important determinants of whether or not a child will take a medicine. In order to increase concordance with treatment regimens it is often necessary to utilise a range of formulation techniques to improve the palatability of medicines. These can include selecting a different molecule or version of a molecule (such as a different polymorph or salt form), various taste masking techniques and/or the inclusion of flavours and sweeteners.

Multi-Methodological Quantitative Taste Assessment of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs to Support the Development of Palatable Paediatric Dosage Forms.

The unpalatability of antituberculosis drugs is often cited as a major cause of non-adherence in children, yet limited quantitative taste assessment data are available. The aim of this research was to quantify the bitterness of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol dihydrochloride using two in vivo (a human taste panel and a rat brief-access taste aversion (BATA) model) and one in vitro (sensor) method. The response of the Insent TS-5000Z electronic tongue was compared to the in vivo drug concentration found to elicit and suppress half the maximum taste response (EC in human and IC in rats).

Rats can predict aversiveness of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

Taste is crucial for patient acceptability and compliance with prescribed medicines, in particular with pediatric patients. Evaluating the taste of new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is therefore essential to put in place adequate taste-masking techniques, if needed, which will lead to acceptable palatable formulations. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop and optimize taste assessment methods that could be used at different stages of the drug development process.

Taste evaluation of a novel midazolam tablet for pediatric patients: In vitro drug dissolution, in vivo animal taste aversion and clinical taste perception profiles.

Harmonized methodologies are urgently required for the taste evaluation of novel pediatric medicines. This study utilized in vitro, in vivo and clinical data to evaluate the palatability of a novel midazolam chocolate tablet. In vitro dissolution experiments showed the crushed tablet to release within 5 min 1.

Toxicity and Apoptosis Related Effects of Benzimidazo [3,2-α] Quinolinium Salts Upon Human Lymphoma Cells.

Objectives: The present study evaluates novel cationic quinoline derivatives known as benzimidazo[3,2-]quinolinium salts (BQS) named NBQ-48 and ABQ-48 that have structural similarities to known anti-cancer substances such as ellipticine and berberine.

Methods: Toledo human lymphoma (ATCC CRL2631) cells were treated for 24 to 48 hours. Apoptosis related endpoints such as cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial damage, RNS and ROS generation and the activity of several apoptosis related proteins such as caspases and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) were studied using fluorescence staining and western blot respectively.

Solid state characterisation and taste masking efficiency evaluation of polymer based extrudates of isoniazid for paediatric administration.

Hot melt extrusion has gained considerable attention as a novel technique for taste masking of bitter APIs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hot melt extrusion could be used to develop taste masked formulations of isoniazid and also to evaluate and correlate different taste assessment methods Two polymers with different physico-chemical properties, Soluplus and Eudragit E-PO were chosen as carriers for the drug. Eudragit E-PO has already been widely used for taste masking due to its selective release properties, while Soluplus has not been studied in this regard but provides a useful comparator of a polymer that should release the drug reasonably efficiently.

Non-human tools for the evaluation of bitter taste in the design and development of medicines: a systematic review.

Taste evaluation is a crucial factor for determining acceptance of medicines by patients. The human taste panel test is the main method used to establish the overall palatability and acceptability of a drug product to a patient towards the end of development. Non-human in vitro and in vivo taste-evaluation tools are very useful for pre-formulation, quality control and screening of formulations.

Development of a model for robust and exploratory analysis of the rodent brief-access taste aversion data.

The rodent brief-access taste aversion (BATA) model is an efficient in vivo screening tool for taste assessment. A new E(max) (maximum effect attributable to the drug) model was developed and further investigated in comparison with three previously published models for analysing the rodent BATA data; the robustness of all the models was discussed. The rodent BATA data were obtained from a series of experiments conducted with a bitter reference compound, quinine hydrochloride dihydrate (QHD).