Glomerulonephritis.

Glomerulonephritis (GN) encompasses several disorders that cause glomerular inflammation and injury through an interplay of immune-mediated mechanisms, host characteristics, and environmental triggers, such as infections. GN can manifest solely in the kidney or in the setting of a systemic illness, and presentation can range from chronic and relatively asymptomatic hematuria to fulminant renal failure. Classic acute GN is characterized by hematuria, edema, and hypertension, the latter 2 of which are the consequence of sodium and water retention in the setting of renal impairment.

Urology case report: Multifactorial bladder dysfunction in the setting of down syndrome.

A 16-year-old male patient with Down syndrome diagnosed with AKI and urinary tract infection was treated with meropenem for ESBL-positive in urine culture. Persistently elevated creatinine and persistent post-void residual (PVR) of >300 mL led to further testing, which revealed urethral stricture and a lower sacral Tarlov cyst. Due to no complete improvement with urethral dilatation, he underwent laminectomy and Tarlov cyst fenestration.

Time-dependent dual beneficial modulation of interferon-γ, interleukin 5, and Treg cytokines in asthma patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells by ganoderic acid B.

Th2 cytokines play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), a Th1 cytokine, links to therapeutic mechanisms of allergic asthma. Interleukin (IL)-10, a regulatory cytokine, is involved in the induction of immune tolerance.

Nephrotic Syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) encompasses a variety of disease processes leading to heavy proteinuria and edema. Minimal change disease (MCD) remains the most common primary cause of NS, as well as the most responsive to pharmacologic treatment with often minimal to no chronic kidney disease. Other causes of NS include focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which follows MCD, and secondary causes, including extrarenal or systemic diseases, infections, and drugs.

Renal insufficiency in children born preterm: examining the role of neonatal acute kidney injury.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of renal insufficiency (RI) in children with a history of prematurity and acute kidney injury (AKI).

Study Design: This prospective cohort study evaluated renal function in children born preterm at 5-9 years of age. Univariable analyses compared perinatal and follow-up data from subjects with and without AKI history, and with and without current RI.

Acute Kidney Injury Following Pediatric Liver Transplant.

Objective: To determine the incidence, severity, and risk factors of postoperative acute kidney injury in pediatric liver transplant patients with and without inborn errors of metabolism.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Single-center PICU.

Hematuria and Proteinuria in Children.

Practice Gap: Pediatricians must be aware of screening indications and the evaluation and management of a child with hematuria and/or proteinuria.

Objectives: After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the common causes of proteinuria and hematuria and be able to differentiate between benign and serious causes.

Rapid Biolayer Interferometry Measurements of Urinary CXCL9 to Detect Cellular Infiltrates Noninvasively After Kidney Transplantation.

Introduction: Measuring the chemokine CXCL9 in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can diagnose acute cellular rejection (ACR) noninvasively after kidney transplantation, but the required 12- to 24-hour turnaround time is not ideal for rapid, clinical decision-making.

Methods: We developed a biolayer interferometry (BLI)-based assay to rapidly measure urinary CXCL9 in <1 hour. We validated this new assay versus standard ELISA in 86 urine samples from kidney transplantation recipients with various diagnoses.

Nephrotic syndrome.

On the basis of observational studies, the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in school-aged children is minimal change disease. On the basis of research evidence and consensus, corticosteroids are considered first-line therapy for treatment of nephrotic syndrome. On the basis of consensus, prednisone therapy should be initiated at doses of 60 mg/m2 per day (2 mg/kg per day) administered for 4 to 6 weeks, followed by 40 mg/m2 per dose (1.

Immunosuppressive effects of erythropoietin on human alloreactive T cells.

Correction of anemia with erythropoietin (EPO) is associated with improved kidney transplant outcomes. Emerging evidence, predominantly from animal models, indicates that these observations may be erythropoiesis-independent and that EPO exhibits immunosuppressive properties. We examined the effects of EPO on human T-cell alloimmunity by first documenting that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells express EPO receptor (EPO-R) on their surfaces.