The complete mitochondrial genome of the Indian leafwing butterfly (insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).

The Indian leafwing butterfly (Horsfield, 1829) (Nymphalidae) is an Asian forest-dwelling, leaf-mimic. Genome skimming by Illumina sequencing permitted assembly of a complete circular mitogenome of 15,200 bp from consisting of 79.5% AT nucleotides, 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNAs and a control region in the typical butterfly gene order.

Muscle weakness, fatigue, and torque variability: effects of age and mobility status.

Introduction: Whereas deficits in muscle function, particularly power production, develop in old age and are risk factors for mobility impairment, a complete understanding of muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions is lacking. We tested hypotheses related to torque-producing capacity, fatigue resistance, and variability of torque production during repeated maximal contractions in healthy older, mobility-impaired older, and young women.

Methods: Knee extensor fatigue (decline in torque) was measured during 4 min of dynamic contractions.