Application of the Advanced Distillation Curve Method to the Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenates: 2,5,7,10-Tetraoxaundecane (TOU), 2,4,7,9-Tetraoxadecane (TOD), and Ethanol/Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Mixtures.

Although they are amongst the most efficient engine types, compression-ignition engines have difficulties achieving acceptable particulate emission and NO formation. Indeed, catalytic after-treatment of diesel exhaust has become common and current efforts to reformulate diesel fuels have concentrated on the incorporation of oxygenates into the fuel. One of the best ways to characterize changes to a fuel upon the addition of oxygenates is to examine the volatility of the fuel mixture.

Comprehensive Assessment of Composition and Thermochemical Variability by High Resolution GC/QToF-MS and the Advanced Distillation-Curve Method as a Basis of Comparison for Reference Fuel Development.

Commercial and military aviation is faced with challenges that include high fuel costs, undesirable emissions, and supply chain insecurity that result from the reliance on petroleum-based feedstocks. The development of alternative gas turbine fuels from renewable resources will likely be part of addressing these issues. The United States has established a target for one billion gallons of renewable fuels to enter the supply chain by 2018.

Smelling Sulfur: Copper and Silver Regulate the Response of Human Odorant Receptor OR2T11 to Low-Molecular-Weight Thiols.

Mammalian survival depends on ultrasensitive olfactory detection of volatile sulfur compounds, since these compounds can signal the presence of rancid food, O depleted atmospheres, and predators (through carnivore excretions). Skunks exploit this sensitivity with their noxious spray. In commerce, natural and liquefied gases are odorized with t-BuSH and EtSH, respectively, as warnings.

Direct nuclear magnetic resonance observation of odorant binding to mouse odorant receptor MOR244-3.

Mammals are able to perceive and differentiate a great number of structurally diverse odorants through the odorant's interaction with odorant receptors (ORs), proteins found within the cell membrane of olfactory sensory neurons. The natural gas industry has used human olfactory sensitivity to sulfur compounds (thiols, sulfides, etc.) to increase the safety of fuel gas transport, storage, and use through the odorization of this product.

Composition of the C+ Fraction of Natural Gas by Multiple Porous Layer Open Tubular Capillaries Maintained at Low Temperatures.

As the sources of natural gas become more diverse, the trace constituents of the C+ fraction are of increasing interest. Analysis of fuel gas (including natural gas) for compounds with more than 6 carbon atoms (the C+ fraction) has historically been complex and expensive. Hence, this is a procedure that is used most often in troubleshooting rather than for day-to-day operations.

Viscosity measurements of DNA solutions with and without condensing agents.

Aqueous solutions calf thymus DNA at three concentrations were studied by viscosity measurements at ambient pressure. A gravitational capillary viscometer and a rotating cylinder viscometer were employed. Three polycations were tested as viscosity-reducing agents with measurements from 25°C to 50°C.

Stabilizing formulations for inhalable powders of live-attenuated measles virus vaccine.

Carbon dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer((R)) (CAN-BD) processing allows particles to be made in the 3-5 mum size range, which is desirable for lung delivery, without destroying biological activity. In response to the Grand Challenge in Global Health Initiative #3, we have been developing an inhalable needle-free live-attenuated measles virus vaccine for use in developing countries. Measles was chosen because it is the number one vaccine preventable killer of children worldwide.