Detecting microplastics in organic-rich materials and their potential risks to earthworms in agroecosystems.

Microplastics (MPs) are a major emerging contaminant in agroecosystems, due to their significant resistance to degradation in terrestrial environments. Although previous investigations have reported the harmful effects of MPs contamination on soil biological properties, still little is known about the characteristics and fate of MPs in biosolid-amended soils and their risks to soil biota, particularly earthworms. We determined microplastics' concentration, size distribution, and chemical composition in 3 sewage sludge biosolids and 6 biosolid-amended agricultural soils.