Cholangiocarcinoma: Epidemiology and Imaging-Based Review.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare cancer of the bile duct epithelium, and in the last few decades its incidence rate has been increasing. It is associated with a high mortality rate due to late diagnosis and its aggressive nature. Many risk factors have been identified; some are more common in certain regions than others.

Breast Cryoablation, From the "How We Do It" Special Series.

Breast cryoablation is a minimally invasive image-guided percutaneous procedure to treat fibroadenomas and early-stage breast cancer utilizing liquid nitrogen or argon gas to create extremely cold temperatures that devitalize targeted tissue. Although more long term data are needed, this outpatient procedure is well tolerated and carries minimal risks, including non-target thermal injury that can be mitigated by careful planning and proper technique. Building a sustainable breast cryoablation service in a radiology practice poses several practical considerations, such as training proceduralists, purchasing equipment, recruiting patients, and understanding the revenue cycle.

tumor vaccination by percutaneous ablative therapy and its synergy with immunotherapeutics: An update on combination therapy.

Percutaneous tumor ablation is now a widely accepted minimally invasive local treatment option offered by interventional radiology and applied to various organs and tumor histology types. It utilizes extreme temperatures to achieve irreversible cellular injury, where ablated tumor interacts with surrounding tissue and host tissue remodeling and inflammation, clinically manifesting as post-ablation syndrome. During this process, tumor vaccination occurs, in which tumor neoantigens are released from ablated tissue and can prime one's immune system which would favorably affect both local and remote site disease control.