A Na pump with reduced stoichiometry is up-regulated by brine shrimp in extreme salinities.

Brine shrimp () are the only animals to thrive at sodium concentrations above 4 M. Salt excretion is powered by the Na,K-ATPase (NKA), a heterodimeric (αβ) pump that usually exports 3Na in exchange for 2 K per hydrolyzed ATP. express several NKA catalytic α-subunit subtypes.

Assessment of Renal Deterioration and Associated Risk Factors in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis.

Objective: To evaluate predictors of renal deterioration (RD) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at a tertiary referral center.

Methods: We reviewed adult patients with MS presenting for evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms, with baseline urodynamic study (UDS) and either serum creatinine (SCr) or renal ultrasound, from a prospectively maintained database, and excluded patients with abnormal renal function. RD was defined as doubled SCr, new hydronephrosis, or renal atrophy on follow-up ultrasound.

Tuning quantum measurements to control chaos.

Environment-induced decoherence has long been recognised as being of crucial importance in the study of chaos in quantum systems. In particular, the exact form and strength of the system-environment interaction play a major role in the quantum-to-classical transition of chaotic systems. In this work we focus on the effect of varying monitoring strategies, i.