Is the Future Green? Assessing Environmental Health Confidence in Internal Medicine Residents.

Despite global awareness of the impacts of climate change on human health, assessment of resident physicians' confidence in environmental health is limited. Lack of confidence in explaining environmental health topics can affect both patient education and advocacy efforts. To determine how confident resident physicians are in their environmental health training and their ability to explain climate health topics.

The effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in rural and remote populations: Systematic review and meta-analyses.

Background: Rural and remote residents are more likely to smoke tobacco than those in major cities. However, they may experience unique systemic, provider, and individual barriers to accessing smoking cessation treatments, including distance and limited resources. Understanding the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in this population is important due to higher smoking-related disease burden and death compared to those in major cities.

Outcomes of patients with thoraco-abdominal gunshot wounds operatively managed at a district hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.

Aim: Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the first four decades of life. Thoracoabdominal gunshot wounds carry a significant risk of mortality. This risk of death is reduced if patients are managed in dedicated units.

Early fortification of enteral feedings for infants <1250 grams birth weight receiving a human milk diet including human milk based fortifier.

Background: An exclusive human milk diet (EHM) including fortification with a human milk-based fortifier has been shown to decrease the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) but growth velocity may be less for infants receiving EHM compared to a bovine diet.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if growth is improved by earlier fortification of breast milk for preterm infants supported with a human milk based fortifier.

Study Design: A multi-center retrospective cohort study of the outcomes of infants of 500- 1250 g birth weight whose breast milk feedings were fortified at >60 mL/kg/day (late) versus <60 mL/kg/day (early) of enteral feeding volume.

A unified mechanism for unconfined deflagration-to-detonation transition in terrestrial chemical systems and type Ia supernovae.

The nature of type Ia supernovae (SNIa)-thermonuclear explosions of white dwarf stars-is an open question in astrophysics. Virtually all existing theoretical models of normal, bright SNIa require the explosion to produce a detonation in order to consume all of stellar material, but the mechanism for the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) remains unclear. We present a unified theory of turbulence-induced DDT that describes the mechanism and conditions for initiating detonation both in unconfined chemical and thermonuclear explosions.

Mother-adolescent conflict in African American and European American families: the role of corporal punishment, adolescent aggression, and adolescents' hostile attributions of mothers' intent.

The present study examined mothers' use of corporal punishment and adolescents' aggression as predictors of mother-youth conflict during early adolescence. Particular attention was given to the potential mediating role that adolescents' hostile attributions of intent (HAI) regarding mothers' behavior might play in connections between corporal punishment, youth aggression, and mother-adolescent conflict for European American (EA) and African American (AA) youth. Data were collected from 268 12- to 14-year-olds (154 European American; 114 African American; 133 girls; 135 boys) and their mothers over a period of 2 years.

Prenatal drug exposure effects on subsequent vulnerability to drug abuse.

Research has shown that both prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure are associated with increased risk of significant adverse medical, developmental, and behavioral outcomes including substance abuse. Research on the outcomes of prenatal exposure to illicit drugs (PNDE) has also found increased physical and behavioral problems for gestationally drug-exposed children. However, a clear picture has not emerged on whether the consequences of PNDE are independent from those associated with having a substance abusing parent and whether PNDE increases vulnerability to drug abuse.