Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ketamine administration via the Omnipod® system in dogs.

Ketamine is an injectable anesthetic agent with analgesic and antidepressant effects that can prevent maladaptive pain. Ketamine is metabolized by the liver into norketamine, an active metabolite. Prior rodent studies have suggested that norketamine is thought to contribute up to 30% of ketamine's analgesic effect.

Comparison of a blind and an ultrasound-guided technique for Retrobulbar anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral subconjunctival enucleation.

Objective: This study compared the quality of retrobulbar anesthesia using a blind inferior-temporal palpebral approach (ITP) with an ultrasound-guided supratemporal (ST) technique in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation.

Animal Studied: Twenty-one client-owned dogs were undergoing enucleation.

Procedures: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive ITP (n = 10) or ST (n = 11) with 0.

Development of an ultrasound-guided transgluteal injection of the pudendal nerve in cats: a cadaveric study.

Objective: To develop an ultrasound-guided interfascial plane technique for injection of the pudendal nerve near its sacral origin in cats.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, anatomical study.

Animals: A group of 12 feline cadavers.

Feasibility and repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs.

Feasibility and inter-session repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) were assessed in 24 normal dogs. Cold thermal latencies were evaluated using a thermal probe (0°C) applied to three pelvic limb sites. Mechanical thresholds were measured using an electronic von Frey anesthesiometer (EVF) and a blunt-probed pressure algometer (PA) applied to the dorsal aspect of the metatarsus.

Mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) form innate immune synapses and are targeted by hepatitis C virus.

RIG-I is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that engages viral RNA in infected cells to trigger innate immune defenses through its adaptor protein MAVS. MAVS resides on mitochondria and peroxisomes, but how its signaling is coordinated among these organelles has not been defined. Here we show that a major site of MAVS signaling is the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM), a distinct membrane compartment that links the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria.