Clinical presentation and symptomatology of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A literature review.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by acute onset ascending paralysis and sensory abnormalities. This article provides a comprehensive overview of GBS, covering its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management and treatment, prognosis, psychosocial impact, recent advances in research, public health implications, and ethical considerations. Epidemiological data reveal variations in GBS prevalence, incidence rates, and geographical distribution influenced by climate, infectious disease prevalence, and genetic susceptibility.

Stroke and cognitive impairment: understanding the connection and managing symptoms.

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, and cognitive impairment is a common consequence of stroke. Understanding the connection between stroke and cognitive impairment is crucial for effectively managing symptoms and improving patients' quality of life. This abstract provides an overview of the relationship between stroke and cognitive impairment and explores strategies for managing cognitive symptoms in stroke survivors.

Toll-like receptor signalling via IRAK4 affects epithelial integrity and tightness through regulation of junctional tension.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mammalian systems are well known for their role in innate immunity. In addition, TLRs also fulfil crucial functions outside immunity, including the dorsoventral patterning function of the original Toll receptor in Drosophila and neurogenesis in mice. Recent discoveries in flies suggested key roles for TLRs in epithelial cells in patterning of junctional cytoskeletal activity.

HIV-related neurocognitive disorders: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Mental Health Implications: A Review.

HIV-related neurocognitive disorders (HAND) have emerged as a significant concern in the context of HIV infection. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis, treatment, and mental health implications associated with HAND. Diagnosis of HAND involves a multifaceted approach, combining clinical assessments, neurocognitive testing, and neuroimaging techniques.

Inequality persists in a large citizen science programme despite increased participation through ICT innovations.

Biological recording is a prominent and widely practised form of citizen science, but few studies explore long-term demographic trends in participation and knowledge production. We studied long-term demographic trends of age and gender of participants reporting to a large online citizen science multi-taxon biodiversity platform ( www.artportalen.

Activating a Reserve Neural Stem Cell Population In Vitro Enables Engraftment and Multipotency after Transplantation.

The olfactory epithelium (OE) regenerates after injury via two types of tissue stem cells: active globose cells (GBCs) and dormant horizontal basal cells (HBCs). HBCs are roused to activated status by OE injury when P63 levels fall. However, an in-depth understanding of activation requires a system for culturing them that maintains both their self-renewal and multipotency while preventing spontaneous differentiation.

Spatial Determination of Neuronal Diversification in the Olfactory Epithelium.

Neurons in the murine olfactory epithelium (OE) differ by the olfactory receptor they express as well as other molecular phenotypes that are regionally restricted. These patterns can be precisely regenerated following epithelial injury, suggesting that spatial cues within the tissue can direct neuronal diversification. Nonetheless, the permanency and mechanism of this spatial patterning remain subject to debate.

Injury Induces Endogenous Reprogramming and Dedifferentiation of Neuronal Progenitors to Multipotency.

Adult neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium is often depicted as a unidirectional pathway during homeostasis and repair. We challenge the unidirectionality of this model by showing that epithelial injury unlocks the potential for Ascl1+ progenitors and Neurog1+ specified neuronal precursors to dedifferentiate into multipotent stem/progenitor cells that contribute significantly to tissue regeneration in the murine olfactory epithelium (OE). We characterize these dedifferentiating cells using several lineage-tracing strains and single-cell mRNA-seq, and we show that Sox2 is required for initiating dedifferentiation and that inhibition of Ezh2 promotes multipotent progenitor expansion.

Biosimilar Products in the Modern U.S. Health Care and Regulatory Landscape.

Unlabelled: Biosimilars have the potential to greatly reduce medication costs in the United States. As of July 1, 2017, 5 biosimilars have been approved by the FDA, but only 2 are available for purchase. This commentary outlines the efforts of an integrated health system to ensure biosimilar accessibility and discusses the current challenges and future implications.

Replication of JC Virus DNA in the G144 Oligodendrocyte Cell Line Is Dependent Upon Akt.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an often-fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. PML results when oligodendrocytes within immunocompromised individuals are infected with the human JC virus (JCV). We have identified an oligodendrocyte precursor cell line, termed G144, that supports robust levels of JCV DNA replication, a central part of the JCV life cycle.

Notch1 maintains dormancy of olfactory horizontal basal cells, a reserve neural stem cell.

The remarkable capacity of the adult olfactory epithelium (OE) to regenerate fully both neurosensory and nonneuronal cell types after severe epithelial injury depends on life-long persistence of two stem cell populations: the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), which are quiescent and held in reserve, and mitotically active globose basal cells. It has recently been demonstrated that down-regulation of the ΔN form of the transcription factor p63 is both necessary and sufficient to release HBCs from dormancy. However, the mechanisms by which p63 is down-regulated after acute OE injury remain unknown.

Stem and progenitor cells of the mammalian olfactory epithelium: Taking poietic license.

The capacity of the olfactory epithelium (OE) for lifelong neurogenesis and regeneration depends on the persistence of neurocompetent stem cells, which self-renew as well as generating all of the cell types found within the nasal epithelium. This Review focuses on the types of stem and progenitor cells in the epithelium and their regulation. Both horizontal basal cells (HBCs) and some among the population of globose basal cells (GBCs) are stem cells, but the two types plays vastly different roles.

Transcription factor p63 controls the reserve status but not the stemness of horizontal basal cells in the olfactory epithelium.

Adult tissue stem cells can serve two broad functions: to participate actively in the maintenance and regeneration of a tissue or to wait in reserve and participate only when activated from a dormant state. The adult olfactory epithelium, a site for ongoing, life-long, robust neurogenesis, contains both of these functional stem cell types. Globose basal cells (GBCs) act as the active stem cell population and can give rise to all the differentiated cells found in the normal tissue.

Analysis of Drosophila glucuronyl C5-epimerase: implications for developmental roles of heparan sulfate sulfation compensation and 2-O-sulfated glucuronic acid.

During the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) catalyzes C5-epimerization of glucuronic acid (GlcA), converting it to iduronic acid (IdoA). Because HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) shows a strong substrate preference for IdoA over GlcA, C5-epimerization is required for normal HS sulfation. However, the physiological significance of C5-epimerization remains elusive.

Detection of intranasally delivered bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the lesioned mouse brain: a cautionary report.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold promise for autologous treatment of neuropathologies. Intranasal delivery is relatively noninvasive and has recently been reported to result in transport of MSCs to the brain. However, the ability of MSCs to migrate from nasal passages to sites of neuropathology and ultimately survive has not been fully examined.

Local and regional network function in behaviorally relevant cortical circuits of adult mice following postnatal alcohol exposure.

Background: Ethanol consumption during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which consists of the complete spectrum of developmental deficits including neurological dysfunction. FASD is associated with a variety of neurobehavioral disturbances dependent on the age and duration of exposure. Ethanol exposure in neonatal rodents can also induce widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration and long-lasting behavioral abnormalities similar to FASD.

In vivo MRI identifies cholinergic circuitry deficits in a Down syndrome model.

In vivo quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to detect brain pathology and map its distribution within control, disomic mice (2N) and in Ts65Dn and Ts1Cje trisomy mice with features of human Down syndrome (DS). In Ts65Dn, but not Ts1Cje mice, transverse proton spin-spin (T(2)) relaxation time was selectively reduced in the medial septal nucleus (MSN) and in brain regions that receive cholinergic innervation from the MSN, including the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and retrosplenial cortex. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) in the MSN, identified by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nerve growth factor receptors p75(NTR) and TrkA immunolabeling were reduced in Ts65Dn brains and in situ acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was depleted distally along projecting cholinergic fibers, and selectively on pre- and postsynaptic profiles in these target areas.