Associations Between Sexual Orientation Dimensions and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Data From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III).

Objective: Sexual orientation can be measured across identity, attraction, and behavior. Sexual minorities are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes; however, it is not known whether cardiometabolic disease risk varies across these dimensions.

Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 36,309 adults who participated in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III; 2012-2013).

Effect of depression treatment on health behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors in primary care patients with depression and elevated cardiovascular risk: data from the eIMPACT trial.

Background: Depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but it is unknown if successful depression treatment reduces CVD risk.

Methods: Using eIMPACT trial data, we examined the effect of modernized collaborative care for depression on indicators of CVD risk. A total of 216 primary care patients with depression and elevated CVD risk were randomized to 12 months of the eIMPACT intervention (internet cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT], telephonic CBT, and select antidepressant medications) or usual primary care.

Depressive symptom clusters and biomarkers of monocyte activation, inflammation, and coagulation in people with HIV and depression.

We assess associations of somatic and cognitive/affective depressive symptom clusters with monocyte activation (soluble (s)CD14, sCD163), systemic inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), and coagulation (D-dimer, fibrinogen) in people with HIV (PWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy with depression. Utilizing baseline data from a randomized controlled trial, we found no significant associations in linear regression models examining individual depressive symptom clusters; however, models examining both clusters simultaneously showed that the somatic cluster was positively associated with inflammation biomarkers, while the cognitive/affective cluster was negatively associated with inflammation and coagulation biomarkers (suggesting a cooperative suppression effect). Our findings indicate a differential association with depressive symptom clusters and biological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV, which may be driven by unique components of each depressive symptom cluster.

Depressive disorder subtypes, depressive symptom clusters, and risk of obesity and diabetes: A systematic review.

Background: Overlapping but divided literatures suggest certain depression facets may pose greater obesity and diabetes risk than others. Our objectives were to integrate the major depressive disorder (MDD) subtype and depressive symptom cluster literatures and to clarify which facets are associated with the greatest cardiometabolic disease risk.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review of published studies examining associations of ≥2 MDD subtypes or symptom clusters with obesity or diabetes risk outcomes.

Longer-Term Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Infection: Moderation by Race and Socioeconomic Status.

Objective: While evidence suggests that the mental health symptoms of COVID-19 can persist for several months following infection, little is known about the longer-term mental health effects and whether certain sociodemographic groups may be particularly impacted. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the longer-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 infection and examine whether such consequences are more pronounced in Black people and people with lower socioeconomic status.

Methods: 277 Black and White adults (age ≥ 30 years) with a history of COVID-19 (tested positive ≥ 6 months prior to participation) or no history of COVID-19 infection completed a 45-minute online questionnaire battery.

The Impact of Patient Race, Patient Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Load of Physician Residents and Fellows on Chronic Pain Care Decisions.

Social stereotypes are more likely to influence decision-making under conditions of high cognitive load (ie, mental workload), such as in medical settings. We examined how patient race, patient socioeconomic status (SES), physician cognitive load, and physician implicit beliefs about race and SES differences in pain tolerance impacted physicians' pain treatment decisions. Physician residents and fellows (N = 120) made treatment decisions for 12 computer-simulated patients with back pain that varied by race (Black/White) and SES (low/high).

Cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based interventions for distress in patients with advanced cancer: A meta-analysis.

Objective: Various psychosocial interventions have been developed to reduce distress and improve quality of life (QoL) in patients with advanced cancer, many of which are traditional cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs) or mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). The aims of this meta-analysis were to determine and compare the overall effects of traditional CBIs and MBIs on distress and QoL in this population and to explore potential moderators of intervention efficacy.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science.

Effect of modernized collaborative care for depression on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and depressive symptom clusters: Data from the eIMPACT trial.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are lower in people with depression and are normalized following pharmacological treatment. However, it is unknown if psychological treatments for depression improve BDNF and if change in BDNF is a mediator of intervention effects on depressive symptoms. Therefore, using data from the eIMPACT trial, we sought to determine the effect of modernized collaborative care for depression on 12-month changes in BDNF and cognitive/affective and somatic depressive symptom clusters and to examine whether BDNF changes mediate intervention effects on depressive symptoms.

Dysmenorrhea and psychological distress: a meta-analysis.

Dysmenorrhea is characterized by pelvic pain associated with menstruation. Similar to people with other pain conditions, females who experience dysmenorrhea report increased psychological distress. However, the pooled magnitude of this association has not been quantified across studies.

Effect of modernized collaborative care for depression on depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers: eIMPACT randomized controlled trial.

Although depression is a risk and prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), clinical trials treating depression in patients with CVD have not demonstrated cardiovascular benefits. We proposed a novel explanation for the null results for CVD-related outcomes: the late timing of depression treatment in the natural history of CVD. Our objective was to determine whether successful depression treatment before, versus after, clinical CVD onset reduces CVD risk in depression.

Perceived Facilitators and Barriers to Treatment Fidelity in Computerized Cognitive Training Interventions.

Background: Computerized cognitive training (CCT) interventions may have an important role in improving cognition among patients with heart failure. Ensuring treatment fidelity of CCT interventions is an essential part of testing their efficacy.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe facilitators of and barriers to treatment fidelity perceived by CCT intervenors while delivering the interventions to patients with heart failure.

Pain in People Experiencing Homelessness: A Scoping Review.

Background: Prior work suggests that people experiencing homelessness (PEH) are at heightened risk for developing pain and have a uniquely burdensome pain experience.

Purpose: The aim of this scoping review was to map the current peer-reviewed, published literature on the pain experience of PEH.

Methods: In accordance with the US Annual Homeless Assessment Report, we defined homelessness as lacking shelter or a fixed address within the last year.

If not us, who? If not now, when? Paths forward in science, patient care, and training to maximize the impact of cardiovascular behavioral medicine.

One might expect that the provision of integrated cardiovascular care-an approach that treats people as more than their biology; that spans primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention; and that is consistent with our understanding of behavioral and psychosocial factors as major drivers of chronic disease burden- would be the norm. This is clearly not the case, and this fact served as our central motivation for assembling this Special Issue of . The response to the Special Issue announcement as represented by the papers published here reflect where cardiovascular behavioral medicine (CVBM) has been, where our field needs to go, and how we might get there.

Associations of somatic depressive symptoms with body mass index, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance in primary care patients with depression.

The somatic depressive symptom cluster (including appetite and sleep disturbances) is more strongly associated with insulin resistance (a diabetes risk marker) than other depressive symptom clusters. Utilizing baseline data from 129 primary care patients with depression but no diabetes in the eIMPACT trial (M= 59 years, 78% female, 50% Black), we examined associations of somatic depressive symptoms with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). We tested BMI and hsCRP as mediators and race as a moderator of these relationships.

Associations between affective factors and high-frequency heart rate variability in primary care patients with depression.

Objective: Depression is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and subgroups of people with depression may be at particularly elevated CVD risk. Lower high-frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV), which reflects diminished parasympathetic activation, is a candidate mechanism underlying the depression-CVD relationship and predicts cardiovascular events. Few studies have examined whether certain depression subgroups - such as those with co-occurring affective factors - exhibit lower HF HRV.

Associations of HIV and Depression with Incident Diabetes Mellitus: Veterans Aging Cohort Study.

Background: Persons with HIV (PWH) are at increasingly higher risk for metabolic complications, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, depression is highly prevalent among PWH and has been associated with increased risk for DM in the general population. However, the association of HIV and depression with incident DM has not been well established.

Negative urgency and central adiposity in a community sample: Moderated mediation by depressive symptoms and eating behaviors.

Negative urgency - acting rashly in response to negative emotions - is a risk factor for central adiposity. We examine whether the relationship between negative urgency and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is mediated by eating behaviors (emotional eating, external eating, and cognitive restraint) and moderated by depressive symptom severity, factors that could be targeted to reduce risk associated with negative urgency. Using baseline data from the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample (N = 872; mean age = 42.

Race/ethnicity moderates associations between depressive symptoms and diet composition among U.S. adults.

Objective: Although depression is associated with poorer overall diet quality, few studies have examined its association with levels of particular macronutrients, and none have examined moderation by race/ethnicity. The present study examined (a) associations between depressive symptom severity and nine indices of diet composition and (b) whether race/ethnicity moderates these associations.

Method: Participants were 28,940 adults (mean age = 49 years, 52% female, 52% nonwhite) from NHANES 2005-2018.

Associations of somatic depressive symptoms with food attentional bias and eating behaviors.

Recent evidence suggests that atypical major depressive disorder (MDD) - whose key features include the reversed somatic symptoms of hyperphagia (increased appetite) and hypersomnia (increased sleep) - is a stronger predictor of future obesity than other MDD subtypes. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. The present study sought to elucidate whether the individual symptoms of hyperphagia, hypersomnia, poor appetite, and disturbed sleep have differential relationships with food attentional bias, emotional eating, external eating, and restrained eating.

Depression as a Risk Factor for Incident Ischemic Stroke Among HIV-Positive Veterans in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study.

Background HIV infection and depression are each associated with increased ischemic stroke risk. Whether depression is a risk factor for stroke within the HIV population is unknown. Methods and Results We analyzed data on 106 333 (33 528 HIV-positive; 72 805 HIV-negative) people who were free of baseline cardiovascular disease from an observational cohort of HIV-positive people and matched uninfected veterans in care from April 1, 2003 through December 31, 2014.

Influence of patient immigrant status on physician trainee diabetes treatment decisions: a virtual patient experimental study.

To determine the effect of patient immigrant status on physician trainees' diabetes treatment decisions. Participants were 140 physician trainees ('providers'). Providers viewed videos and vignettes of virtual patients differing in immigrant status (born in Mexico or U.

Pain Catastrophizing Mediates and Moderates the Link Between Acute Pain and Working Memory.

The bidirectional relationship between pain and working memory (WM) deficits is well-documented but poorly understood. Pain catastrophizing-exaggerated, negative cognitive and emotional responses toward pain-may contribute to WM deficits by occupying finite, shared cognitive resources. The present study assessed the role of pain catastrophizing as both a state-level process and trait-level disposition in the link between acute pain and WM.

Language Use and Generation Status are Associated with Chronic Pain Differences in Mexican Americans.

Little is known about the pain experience of the Mexican American (MA) population. We investigated the associations between language use and generation status with chronic pain prevalence, health insurance coverage, and analgesic medication use. We examined 3373 MA respondents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Hope, Optimism, and Clinical Pain: A Meta-Analysis.

Background: Generalized expectancies have been theorized to play key roles in pain-related outcomes, but the empirical findings have been mixed.

Purpose: The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the relationships between two of the most researched positive generalized expectancies (i.e.