The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on intraductal biliary pressure in post-cholecystectomy patients with T-drainage.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on intraductal biliary pressure (IDP) in basal conditions and after intravenous morphine and oral meal stimulation.

Design And Methods: Fifteen patients (5 male, 10 female) aged 31-83 years (mean 61.5 +/- 13.