Effects of adaptive scaffolding on performance, cognitive load and engagement in game-based learning: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: While game-based learning has demonstrated positive outcomes for some learners, its efficacy remains variable. Adaptive scaffolding may improve performance and self-regulation during training by optimizing cognitive load. Informed by cognitive load theory, this study investigates whether adaptive scaffolding based on interaction trace data influences learning performance, self-regulation, cognitive load, test performance, and engagement in a medical emergency game.

From individual to interprofessional: characteristics of assessment tasks to assess interprofessional collaboration in healthcare education.

To develop independent healthcare professionals able to collaborate in interprofessional teams, health professions education aims to support students in transitioning from an individual perspective to interprofessional collaboration. The five elements that yield the conditions for effective interprofessional collaboration are: (1) positive interdependence, (2) individual accountability, (3) promotive interaction, (4) interpersonal skills, and (5) reflection on team processes. The aim of the current study is to gain insights into how to design tasks to assess a student team as a whole on their interprofessional collaboration.

Situations that prompt teachers in problem-based curricula to reflect on their beliefs, identity and mission.

Teachers have different perceptions of how to enhance student learning. Whereas some take a teacher-centred perspective, others lean more towards a student-centred approach. Many studies in higher education have invoked Korthagen's onion model (2014) to explain how teachers' perspectives can impact their teaching practices.

The Balancing Act of Assessment Validity in Interprofessional Healthcare Education: A Qualitative Evaluation Study.

Construct & Background: In order to determine students' level of interprofessional competencies, there is a need for well-considered and thoroughly designed interprofessional assessments. Current literature about interprofessional assessments focuses largely on the development and validation of assessment instruments such as self-assessments or questionnaires to assess students' knowledge or attitudes. Less is known about the design and validity of integral types of assessment in interprofessional education, such as case-based assessments, or performance assessments.

Developing student-centred perspectives in PBL: how teacher profiles reveal educational needs for faculty development programmes.

Background: In Asian higher education, PBL is not always successful, as few teachers have embraced a student-centred perspective. To cultivate such essential perspectives, faculty development programmes should address teachers' specific educational needs, which sadly is currently not sufficiently the case. This study aimed to identify teacher profiles that would reveal these specific educational needs of teachers and to investigate the relationship between these profiles and the amount of PBL training previously received.

Second language learning role-play: effects of patient and doctor roles on motivation and competence.

Objectives: Role-playing has motivated foreign language learners for decades. In doctor-patient medical consultation role-plays, the doctor role has always been considered an important learning opportunity, whilst the patient role remained obscured. Our study, therefore, had a dual focus.

The Effects of Reflective Pauses on Performance in Simulation Training.

Introduction: The reflective pause, taking a pause during performance to reflect, is an important practice in simulation-based learning. However, for novice learners, it is a highly complex self-regulatory skill that cannot stand alone without guidance. Using educational theories, we propose how to design cognitive and metacognitive aids to guide learners with the reflective pause and investigate its effects on performance in a simulation training environment.

Critical design choices in healthcare simulation education: a 4C/ID perspective on design that leads to transfer.

Background: Healthcare simulation education often aims to promote transfer of learning: the application of knowledge, skills, and attitudes acquired during simulations to new situations in the workplace. Although achieving transfer is challenging, existing theories and models can provide guidance.

Recommendations: This paper provides five general recommendations to design simulations that foster transfer: (1) emphasize whole-task practice, (2) consider a cognitive task analysis, (3) embed simulations within more comprehensive programs, (4) strategically combine and align simulation formats, and (5) optimize cognitive load.

Managing uncertainty in decision-making of common congenital cardiac defects.

Decision-making in congenital cardiac care, although sometimes appearing simple, may prove challenging due to lack of data, uncertainty about outcomes, underlying heuristics, and potential biases in how we reach decisions. We report on the decision-making complexities and uncertainty in management of five commonly encountered congenital cardiac problems: indications for and timing of treatment of subaortic stenosis, closure or observation of small ventricular septal defects, management of new-onset aortic regurgitation in ventricular septal defect, management of anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery in an asymptomatic patient, and indications for operating on a single anomalously draining pulmonary vein. The strategy underpinning each lesion and the indications for and against intervention are outlined.

Design guidelines for assessing students' interprofessional competencies in healthcare education: a consensus study.

Introduction: Healthcare systems require healthcare professionals and students educated in an interprofessional (IP) context. Well-designed assessments are needed to evaluate whether students have developed IP competencies, but we currently lack evidence-informed guidelines to create them. This study aims to provide guidelines for the assessment of IP competencies in healthcare education.

The limited use of instructional design guidelines in healthcare simulation scenarios: an expert appraisal.

Background: Systematic reviews on simulation training effectiveness have pointed to the need to adhere to evidence-based instructional design (ID) guidelines. ID guidelines derive from sound cognitive theories and aim to optimize complex learning (integration of knowledge, skills, and attitudes) and learning transfer (application of acquired knowledge and skills in the workplace). The purpose of this study was to explore adherence to ID guidelines in simulation training programs for dealing with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), a high-risk situation and the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide.

Development of a questionnaire to measure teachers' student-centred perspectives based on the Onion Model.

Background: Teachers with a teacher-centred perspective have difficulties applying student-centred approaches in Problem Based Learning (PBL) because they are inclined to show teacher-centred behaviours. The six aspects explained in Korthagen's Onion Model (environment, behaviour, competencies, beliefs, identity, and mission) are assumed to contribute to teachers' perspectives, showing that both the environment and personal characteristics influence behaviours. For teachers to function properly in PBL, those six aspects should reflect a student-centred perspective.

The Validity of Physiological Measures to Identify Differences in Intrinsic Cognitive Load.

A sample of 33 experiments was extracted from the Web-of-Science database over a 5-year period (2016-2020) that used physiological measures to measure intrinsic cognitive load. Only studies that required participants to solve tasks of varying complexities using a within-subjects design were included. The sample identified a number of different physiological measures obtained by recording signals from four main body categories (heart and lungs, eyes, skin, and brain), as well as subjective measures.

Holistic processing only? The role of the right fusiform face area in radiological expertise.

Radiologists can visually detect abnormalities on radiographs within 2s, a process that resembles holistic visual processing of faces. Interestingly, there is empirical evidence using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for the involvement of the right fusiform face area (FFA) in visual-expertise tasks such as radiological image interpretation. The speed by which stimuli (e.

An exploratory investigation of the measurement of cognitive load on shift: Application of cognitive load theory in emergency medicine.

Background: Emergency physicians often experience a high cognitive load (CL) due to the inherent nature of working in acute care settings. CL has traditionally been measured in educational studies but has not been well studied in the clinical environment.

Methods: Emergency medicine attending physicians and residents working in an academic urgent care center completed psychometric questionnaires while on shift to measure overall CL, intrinsic cognitive load (ICL), extraneous cognitive load (ECL), and acute stress.

A Prospective, Observational, Multicentre Study Concerning Nontechnical Skills in Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy.

Introduction And Hypotheses: valuation of surgical skills, both technical and nontechnical, is possible through observations and video analysis. Besides technical failures, adverse outcomes in surgery can also be related to hampered communication, moderate teamwork, lack of leadership, and loss of situational awareness. Even though some surgeons are convinced about nontechnical skills being an important part of their professionalisation, there is paucity of data about a possible relationship between nontechnical skills and surgical outcome.

Development and validation of teacher and student questionnaires measuring inhibitors of curriculum viability.

Background: Curriculum viability is determined by the degree to which quality standards have or have not been met, and by the inhibitors that affect attainment of those standards. The literature reports many ways to evaluate whether a curriculum reaches its quality standards, but less attention is paid to the identification of viability inhibitors in different areas of the curriculum that hamper the attainment of quality. The purpose of this study is to develop and establish the reliability and validity of questionnaires that measure the presence of inhibitors in an undergraduate medical curriculum.

Exploring the relationship between emotion and cognitive load types during patient handovers.

Cognitive Load Theory has emerged as an important approach to improving instruction in the health professions workplace, including patient handovers. At the same time, there is growing recognition that emotion influences learning through numerous cognitive processes including motivation, attention, working memory, and long-term memory. This study explores how emotion influences the cognitive load experienced by trainees performing patient handovers.

Attracting and retaining physicians in less attractive specialties: the role of continuing medical education.

Background: Less attractive specialties in medicine are struggling to recruit and retain physicians. When properly organized and delivered, continuing medical education (CME) activities that include short courses, coaching in the workplace, and communities of practice might offer a solution to this problem. This position paper discusses how educationalists can create CME activities based on the self-determination theory that increase physicians' intrinsic motivation to work in these specialties.

The medical pause: Importance, processes and training.

Research has shown that taking 'timeouts' in medical practice improves performance and patient safety. However, the benefits of taking timeouts, or pausing, are not sufficiently acknowledged in workplaces and training programmes. To promote this acknowledgement, we suggest a systematic conceptualisation of the medical pause, focusing on its importance, processes and implementation in training programmes.

Global versus task-specific postoperative feedback in surgical procedure learning.

Background: Task-specific checklists and global rating scales are both recommended assessment tools to provide constructive feedback on surgical performance. This study evaluated the most effective feedback tool by comparing the effects of the Observational Clinical Human Reliability Analysis (OCHRA) and the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) on surgical performance in relation to the visual-spatial ability of the learners.

Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, medical students were allocated to either the OCHRA (n = 25) or OSATS (n = 25) feedback group.

Entrustable Professional Activities for Small-Group Facilitation: A Validation Study Using Modified Delphi Technique.

:: Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) provide a novel approach to support teachers' structured professionalization and to assess improvement in teaching competence thereafter. Despite their novelty, it is important to assess EPAs as a construct to ensure that they accurately reflect the work of the targeted profession.

Background:: The co-creation of an EPA framework for training and entrustment of small-group facilitators has been discussed in the literature.

The effect of a three-dimensional instructional video on performance of a spatially complex procedure in surgical residents in relation to their visual-spatial abilities.

Background: The effect of three-dimensional (3D) vs. two-dimensional (2D) video on performance of a spatially complex procedure and perceived cognitive load were examined among residents in relation to their visual-spatial abilities (VSA).

Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 108 surgical residents performed a 5-Flap Z-plasty on a simulation model after watching the instructional video either in a 3D or 2D mode.