Regulatory KIR RA T cells accumulate with age and are highly activated during viral respiratory disease.

Severe respiratory viral infectious diseases such as influenza and COVID-19 especially affect the older population. This is partly ascribed to diminished CD8 T-cell responses a result of aging. The phenotypical diversity of the CD8 T-cell population has made it difficult to identify the impact of aging on CD8 T-cell subsets associated with diminished CD8 T-cell responses.

Diversity of aging of the immune system classified in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model of human infectious diseases.

Susceptibility and declined resistance to human pathogens like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at old age is well represented in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Despite providing a preferred model of human infectious diseases, little is known about aging of its adaptive immune system. We aimed to define aging-related changes of the immune system of this species.

Impaired immune response to vaccination against infection with human respiratory syncytial virus at advanced age.

Unlabelled: Elderly humans are prone to severe infection with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). The aging of today's human population warrants the development of protective vaccination strategies aimed specifically at the elderly. This may require special approaches due to deteriorating immune function.

Vaccination induced antibodies to recombinant avian influenza A virus M2 protein or synthetic M2e peptide do not bind to the M2 protein on the virus or virus infected cells.

Background: Influenza viruses are characterized by their highly variable surface proteins HA and NA. The third surface protein M2 is a nearly invariant protein in all Influenza A strains. Despite extensive studies in other animal models, this study is the first to describe the use of recombinant M2 protein and a peptide coding for the extracellular part of the M2 protein (M2e) to vaccinate poultry.

Immune response of cattle immunized with a conjugate of the glycolipid glucose monomycolate and protein.

Strong anti glycolipid IgG responses can occur in humans and animals, but contrary to anti protein responses and anti glycoprotein responses, the exact mechanism of induction is unknown. We have previously shown that experimental immunization with the glycolipid glucose monomycolate (GMM) causes the development of specific T cell responses, but not of anti GMM antibodies. However, cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp.

Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples collected on commercial Dutch dairy farms.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, was identified in settled-dust samples of Dutch commercial dairy farms, both in the dairy barn and in the young stock housing. Bioaerosols may play a role in within-farm M.

The oligomeric state and stability of the mannitol transporter, EnzymeII(mtl), from Escherichia coli: a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study.

Numerous membrane proteins function as oligomers both at the structural and functional levels. The mannitol transporter from Escherichia coli, EnzymeII(mtl), is a member of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. During the transport cycle, mannitol is phosphorylated and released into the cytoplasm as mannitol-1-phosphate.