A surface electrode adjacent to vagal nerve stimulator lead can aid in characterizing vagal nerve stimulator-mediated pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: a case series of 7 patients.

Study Objectives: The vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) is a nonpharmacological treatment for refractory epilepsy. A side effect of the VNS is sleep-disordered breathing. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how a surface electrode placed over the VNS lead can help distinguish whether sleep-disordered breathing is due to VNS discharge.

Case of an In-Laboratory Vagal Nerve Stimulator Titration for Vagal Nerve Stimulator-Induced Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

We present the case of a 12-year-old girl with medically refractory epilepsy and a vagal nerve stimulator (VNS), who experienced severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with respiratory events closely matching her VNS settings. We demonstrated a real-time decrease in OSA through an in-laboratory VNS titration study, decreasing her VNS frequency from 20 Hz to 10 Hz. We were able to demonstrate a baseline level of OSA by turning off the VNS.

Determinants of ferritin response to oral iron supplementation in children with sleep movement disorders.

Study Objectives: To identify children who respond to oral iron supplementation as evidenced by increased ferritin levels and to identify factors that correlate with improvement in ferritin levels in those who respond.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of the PLMS/RLS/RSD database at Seattle Children's Hospital was carried out. Data collected included nocturnal polysomnography parameters, age, sex, initial and follow-up ferritin level and date of collection, and presence of restless legs syndrome (RLS), periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS)/PLM disorder (PLMD), restless sleep disorder (RSD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), neurologic, psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, or medical comorbidity.

Acetylcholine contributes to the integration of self-movement cues in head direction cells.

Acetylcholine contributes to accurate performance on some navigational tasks, but details of its contribution to the underlying brain signals are not fully understood. The medial septal area provides widespread cholinergic input to various brain regions, but selective damage to medial septal cholinergic neurons generally has little effect on landmark-based navigation, or the underlying neural representations of location and directional heading in visual environments. In contrast, the loss of medial septal cholinergic neurons disrupts navigation based on path integration, but no studies have tested whether these path integration deficits are associated with disrupted head direction (HD) cell activity.

WITHDRAWN: A Comparison of Internet Monitoring with Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Insulin-Requiring Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective: To compare the effects of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) and an Internet blood glucose monitoring system (IBGMS) on glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin.

Methods: Fifty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups. Group 1 had the results of their self-monitoring of blood glucose level monitored biweekly using an IBGMS.

The effectiveness of Internet intervention on 926 patients with diabetes mellitus for up to 30 months.

Objective: To assess the long-term effect of an Internet blood glucose monitoring system (IBGMS) on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In all, 1200 patients were offered to be taught to communicate with their endocrinologists using standardized glucose level reports by e-mail, and received feedback within 24 hours. The first 926 patients enrolled were reviewed consecutively from March 2011 to October 2013.

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus internet-based blood glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes: a study of treatment satisfaction.

Aims: To compare treatment satisfaction between real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) and internet-blood glucose monitoring (IBGM) in adults with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin.

Methods: This study recruited 40 patients who completed a parallel randomized controlled trial comparing a RT-CGM to an IBGM. Patients in the RT-CGM group monitored their blood-glucose levels bi-weekly and emailed results to their endocrinologist.

A comparison of internet monitoring with continuous glucose monitoring in insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To compare the effects of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) and an Internet blood glucose monitoring system (IBGMS) on glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin.

Methods: Fifty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups. Group 1 had the results of their self-monitoring of blood glucose level monitored biweekly using an IBGMS.

Interictal neurocognitive processing of visual stimuli in migraine: evidence from event-related potentials.

Research has established decreased sensory habituation as a defining feature in migraine, while decreased cognitive habituation has only been found with regard to cognitive assessment of the relative probability of the occurrence of a stimulus event. Our study extended the investigation of interictal habituation in migraine to include cognitive processing when viewing of a series of visually-complex images, similar to those we encounter on the internet everyday. We examined interictal neurocognitive function in migraine from a habituation perspective, using a novel paradigm designed to assess how the response to a series of images changes over time.

Directional learning, but no spatial mapping by rats performing a navigational task in an inverted orientation.

Previous studies have identified neurons throughout the rat limbic system that fire as a function of the animal's head direction (HD). This HD signal is particularly robust when rats locomote in the horizontal and vertical planes, but is severely attenuated when locomoting upside-down (Calton & Taube, 2005). Given the hypothesis that the HD signal represents an animal's sense of directional heading, we evaluated whether rats could accurately navigate in an inverted (upside-down) orientation.