Neurohistopathological findings of the brain parenchyma after long-term deep brain stimulation: Case series and systematic literature review.

Introduction: Efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) is established for several movement and psychiatric disorders. However, the mechanism of action and local tissue changes are incompletely described. We describe neurohistopathological findings of 9 patients who underwent DBS for parkinsonism and performed a systematic literature review on postmortem pathologic reports post-DBS.

Stimulation of caudal inferior and middle frontal gyri disrupts planning during spoken interaction.

Turn-taking is a central feature of conversation across languages and cultures. This key social behavior requires numerous sensorimotor and cognitive operations that can be organized into three general phases: comprehension of a partner's turn, preparation of a speaker's own turn, and execution of that turn. Using intracranial electrocorticography, we recently demonstrated that neural activity related to these phases is functionally distinct during turn-taking.

Speech, voice, and language outcomes following deep brain stimulation: A systematic review.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) reliably ameliorates cardinal motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). However, the effects of DBS on speech, voice and language have been inconsistent and have not been examined comprehensively in a single study.

Objective: We conducted a systematic analysis of literature by reviewing studies that examined the effects of DBS on speech, voice and language in PD and ET.

Intraventricular Pilocytic Astrocytoma in Adults: A 25-year Single-Center Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background: Pilocytic astrocytomas (PA) are the most common gliomas in children/adolescents but are less common and poorly studied in adults. Here, we describe the clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcomes of surgically treated adult patients with intraventricular (IV) PA and review the literature.

Methods: Consecutive adult patients treated for IV brain tumors at a tertiary academic center over 25 years (1997-2023) were identified.

The human subthalamic nucleus transiently inhibits active attentional processes.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia is key to the inhibitory control of movement. Consequently, it is a primary target for the neurosurgical treatment of movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, where modulating the STN via deep brain stimulation (DBS) can release excess inhibition of thalamocortical motor circuits. However, the STN is also anatomically connected to other thalamocortical circuits, including those underlying cognitive processes like attention.

No differential effects of subthalamic nucleus vs. globus pallidus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: Speech acoustic and perceptual findings.

Background: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) or the Globus Pallidus Interna (GPI) is well-established as a surgical technique for improving global motor function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD). Previous research has indicated speech deterioration in more than 30% of patients after STN-DBS implantation, whilst speech outcomes following GPI-DBS have received far less attention. Research comparing speech outcomes for patients with PD receiving STN-DBS and GPI-DBS can inform pre-surgical counseling and assist with clinician and patient decision-making when considering the neural targets selected for DBS-implantation.

Sellar Reconstruction With a Bioabsorbable Plate After Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Adenoma Resection: Safe and Efficacious.

Objective: To report outcomes of a large cohort of patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) for resection of a pituitary adenoma with subsequent Resorb-X plate (RXP) sellar reconstruction.

Methods: A retrospective review of 620 EETS operations performed at a single academic center between 2005 and 2020 was conducted.

Results: A total of 215 EETS operations of 208 patients were identified between 2012 and 2020 who underwent reconstruction with the RXP after EETS for pituitary tumor resection with a final pathologic diagnosis of pituitary adenoma.

Immediate neural impact and incomplete compensation after semantic hub disconnection.

The human brain extracts meaning using an extensive neural system for semantic knowledge. Whether broadly distributed systems depend on or can compensate after losing a highly interconnected hub is controversial. We report intracranial recordings from two patients during a speech prediction task, obtained minutes before and after neurosurgical treatment requiring disconnection of the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL), a candidate semantic knowledge hub.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Iron Metabolism with T2* Mapping Predicts an Enhanced Clinical Response to Pharmacologic Ascorbate in Patients with GBM.

Purpose: Pharmacologic ascorbate (P-AscH-) is hypothesized to be an iron (Fe)-dependent tumor-specific adjuvant to chemoradiation in treating glioblastoma (GBM). This study determined the efficacy of combining P-AscH- with radiation and temozolomide in a phase II clinical trial while simultaneously investigating a mechanism-based, noninvasive biomarker in T2* mapping to predict GBM response to P-AscH- in humans.

Patients And Methods: The single-arm phase II clinical trial (NCT02344355) enrolled 55 subjects, with analysis performed 12 months following the completion of treatment.

Lateralization and Time-Course of Cortical Phonological Representations during Syllable Production.

Spoken language contains information at a broad range of timescales, from phonetic distinctions on the order of milliseconds to semantic contexts which shift over seconds to minutes. It is not well understood how the brain's speech production systems combine features at these timescales into a coherent vocal output. We investigated the spatial and temporal representations in cerebral cortex of three phonological units with different durations: consonants, vowels, and syllables.

A frontal cortical network is critical for language planning during spoken interaction.

Many brain areas exhibit activity correlated with language planning, but the impact of these dynamics on spoken interaction remains unclear. Here we use direct electrical stimulation to transiently perturb cortical function in neurosurgical patient-volunteers performing a question-answer task. Stimulating structures involved in speech motor function evoked diverse articulatory deficits, while perturbations of caudal inferior and middle frontal gyri - which exhibit preparatory activity during conversational turn-taking - led to response errors.

A Pilot Study of Ex Vivo Human Prefrontal RNA Transcriptomics in Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) can dramatically change cortical neurophysiology. The molecular basis for PD-related cortical changes is unclear because gene expression data are usually derived from postmortem tissue collected at the end of a complex disease and they profoundly change in the minutes after death. Here, we studied cortical changes in tissue from the prefrontal cortex of living PD patients undergoing deep-brain stimulation implantation surgery.

Human subthalamic nucleus neurons differentially encode speech and limb movement.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which consistently improves limb motor functions, shows mixed effects on speech functions in Parkinson's disease (PD). One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that STN neurons may differentially encode speech and limb movement. However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested.

Endoscopic Reconstruction of the Anterior Skull Base Following Tumor Resection: Application of a Novel Bioabsorbable Plate.

Objective: Endoscopic repair of skull base defects is required following resection of intracranial pathology via the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). Many closure techniques have been described, but choosing between techniques remains controversial. We report outcomes of 560 EEA procedures of skull base reconstruction performed on 508 patients over a 15-year-period.

Speech artifact is also present in spike data.

Bush et al. (2022) highlight that brain recordings examining speech production can be significantly affected by microphonic artifact, which would change the interpretation of these kinds of data. While these findings are vital in determining whether data are artifactual or physiological in origin, frequencies were only examined up to 250 Hz (i.

Endoscopic pituitary surgery: National database review.

Background: Pituitary tumors surgery is increasingly performed via endoscopic transsphenoidal approach (TSP). This study describes outcomes of TSP surgery in the United States.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of adult patients with pituitary adenoma was performed using the Nationwide Readmissions Database, 2010-2015.

Mapping effective connectivity of human amygdala subdivisions with intracranial stimulation.

The primate amygdala is a complex consisting of over a dozen nuclei that have been implicated in a host of cognitive functions, individual differences, and psychiatric illnesses. These functions are implemented through distinct connectivity profiles, which have been documented in animals but remain largely unknown in humans. Here we present results from 25 neurosurgical patients who had concurrent electrical stimulation of the amygdala with intracranial electroencephalography (electrical stimulation tract-tracing; es-TT), or fMRI (electrical stimulation fMRI; es-fMRI), methods providing strong inferences about effective connectivity of amygdala subdivisions with the rest of the brain.

Intraarterial encephalography from an acutely implanted aneurysm embolization device in awake humans.

Objective: Endovascular electroencephalography (evEEG) uses the cerebrovascular system to record electrical activity from adjacent neural structures. The safety, feasibility, and efficacy of using the Woven EndoBridge Aneurysm Embolization System (WEB) for evEEG has not been investigated.

Methods: Seventeen participants undergoing awake WEB endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms were included.

A causal role for the human subthalamic nucleus in non-selective cortico-motor inhibition.

Common cortico-basal ganglia models of motor control suggest a key role for the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in motor inhibition. In particular, when already-initiated actions have to be suddenly stopped, the STN is purportedly recruited via a hyperdirect pathway to net inhibit the cortico-motor system in a broad, non-selective fashion. Indeed, the suppression of cortico-spinal excitability (CSE) during rapid action stopping extends beyond the stopped muscle and affects even task-irrelevant motor representations.

Novelty-induced frontal-STN networks in Parkinson's disease.

Novelty detection is a primitive subcomponent of cognitive control that can be deficient in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Here, we studied the corticostriatal mechanisms underlying novelty-response deficits. In participants with PD, we recorded from cortical circuits with scalp-based electroencephalography (EEG) and from subcortical circuits using intraoperative neurophysiology during surgeries for implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes.

Speech dysfunction, cognition, and Parkinson's disease.

Communication difficulties are a ubiquitous symptom of Parkinson's disease and include changes to both motor speech and language systems. Communication challenges are a significant driver of lower quality of life. They are associated with decreased communication participation, social withdrawal, and increased risks for social isolation and stigmatization in persons with Parkinson's disease.

Voice handicap Index in Parkinson's patients: Subthalamic versus globus pallidus deep brain stimulation.

Purpose: Subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna (GPI) are the two most common sites for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in people with Parkinson's disease (PWP). Voice impairments are a common symptom of Parkinson's disease and information about voice outcomes with DBS is limited. Most studies in speech-language pathology have focused on STN-DBS and few have examined the effects of GPI-DBS.