Cap-to-bell stage molar tooth morphogenesis occurs through proliferation-independent sulcus sharpening and condensation-associated tension in the dental papilla.

The anatomy of molar teeth is important both functionally for chewing food and in evolutionary studies as a well-preserved species marker in the fossil record. Molar teeth begin to develop their characteristic biting-surface shape of cusps (peaks) and sulci (valleys) at the bell stage, when corresponding folds in the dental epithelium become apparent. Theories about the developmental mechanisms of cusp and sulcus morphogenesis have hitherto largely focused on the non-proliferating nature of the secondary enamel knots (EKs) at the cusp tips.

Morphogen-driven differentiation is precluded by physical confinement in human iPSCs spheroids.

Introduction: Cell lineage specification is tightly associated with profound morphological changes in the developing human embryo, particularly during gastrulation. The interplay between mechanical forces and biochemical signals is poorly understood.

Methods: Here, we dissect the effects of biochemical cues and physical confinement on a 3D model based on spheroids formed from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).

Microfocused Ultrasound in Regenerative Aesthetics: A Narrative Review on Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Outcomes.

Background: Microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V) is widely used in aesthetic medicine for skin tightening and rejuvenation. However, its role in regenerative aesthetics and its precise mechanism of action are not fully understood.

Objective: This narrative review aims to contextualize and articulate the mechanism of action of MFU-V, evaluate its role in regenerative aesthetics, and assess its effectiveness based on existing clinical, histological, and skin-mechanical studies.

When to change needles during neuromodulator injections-An electron-microscopy investigation into needle tip deformation.

Background: Neuromodulator injections are minimally invasive procedures performed across the globe. Despite their ubiquity, there is a dearth of information on whether and how needle tips used for neuromodulator procedures are deformed after repeated injections.

Objective: We investigated the magnitude of needle tip deformation following sequential injection passes (3×, 5×, and 10×) during facial neuromodulator injections with three commonly used needle sizes (30G, 31G, and 32G).

The Relationship Between Glabellar Contraction Patterns and Glabellar Muscle Anatomy: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Study.

Background: Glabellar contraction patterns were introduced to the scientific literature to help guide glabellar neuromodulator injection algorithms. However, the relationship between the underlying musculature and its influence on these glabellar contraction patterns is unclear.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) glabellar muscle parameters that display an influence on the distribution of individual glabellar contraction patterns.

Clinical Benefits of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection: Beyond Glabellar Line Effacement?

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) is standard of care for glabellar lines ameliorization. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection (DAXI) is a new BoNTA with a unique formulation representing the latest advancement in BoNTA technology. There is an unmet need for patients to understand the full potential of BoNTA treatment and new technologies.

A double ovulation protocol for Xenopus laevis produces doubled fertilisation yield and moderately transiently elevated corticosterone levels without loss of egg quality.

The African claw-toed frog, Xenopus laevis, is a well-established laboratory model for the biology of vertebrate oogenesis, fertilisation, and development at embryonic, larval, and metamorphic stages. For ovulation, X. laevis females are usually injected with chorionic gonadotropin, whereupon they lay typically hundreds to thousands of eggs in a day.

Clinical Response to Olaparib in a Patient With Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis in Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer With Germline Mutation.

Case of LMC in a BRCA2-mutated breast cancer patient shows clinical improvement with Olaparib therapy.

Safe and Effective Restoration of Jawline Definition With Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Gel VYC-25L: Results From a Randomized Controlled Study.

Background: A well-defined jawline improves overall facial aesthetics, motivating patients to seek jawline augmentation.

Objectives: In this study we evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the hyaluronic acid injectable gel VYC-25L for restoring jawline definition.

Methods: In a US multicenter, evaluator-blinded study adults with grade 2 (moderate) or 3 (severe) Allergan Loss of Jawline Definition Scale (ALJDS) scores were randomized.

Long-term duration and safety of Radiesse (+) for the treatment of jawline.

Background: Calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA)-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)+ has unique properties that make it optimal for lifting, contouring, and defining the jawline. This long-term follow-up of a randomized, multicenter, rater-blinded trial reports efficacy and safety of CaHA-CMC(+) through 48 and up to 60 weeks post-treatment.

Methods: Eligible patients were randomized (2:1) to the treatment or the control/delayed treatment group to receive CaHA-CMC(+) injections in both jawlines.

5-HTP inhibits eosinophilia via intracellular endothelial 5-HTRs; SNPs in 5-HTRs associate with asthmatic lung function.

Background: Previous research showed that 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), a metabolic precursor of serotonin, reduces allergic lung inflammation by inhibiting eosinophil migration across endothelial monolayers.

Objective: It is unknown if serotonin receptors are involved in mediating this 5HTP function or if serotonin receptor (HTR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associate with lung function in humans.

Methods: Serotonin receptor subtypes were assessed by qPCR, western blot, confocal microscopy, pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA knockdown.

A Multicenter, Randomized, Evaluator-Blinded Study to Examine the Safety and Effectiveness of Hyaluronic Acid Filler in the Correction of Infraorbital Hollows.

Background: Hyaluronic acid injections are increasingly administered for correction of infraorbital hollows (IOHs).

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness (IOH correction) and safety of Restylane Eyelight hyaluronic acid (HAEYE) injections.

Methods: Patients with moderate/severe IOHs, assessed with the Galderma infraorbital hollows scale (GIHS), were randomized to HAEYE injections (by needle/cannula) (Day 1 + optional Month 1 touch-up) or no-treatment control.

Increasing Precision When Targeting the Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle With Neuromodulators: An Ultrasound-Based Investigation.

Background: Neuromodulator treatments of the perioral region are increasingly popular and aim to modulate the position of the modiolus. The predominantly targeted muscle is the depressor anguli oris (DAO) which allows for the modiolus to reposition cranially once temporarily relaxed.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the precise anatomic position of the DAO in relation to the marionette line, thereby increasing precision and reducing adverse events during neuromodulator treatments.

The perception of lip aesthetics in the context of facial proportions-An eye-tracking-based analysis.

Background: Minimally invasive lip volumizing and contouring soft tissue filler procedures are frequently requested by both female and male aesthetic patients. Guidance on how to achieve the most beautiful outcome is inconsistent.

Objective: To investigate what the most beautiful proportions are in relation to vermillion thickness, the distance of the upper and lower lip in relation to nose and chin, and relation to the bigonial distance.

Higher Responder Rates Observed With Live Participant Assessment Versus Photographic Assessment After VYC-20L Hyaluronic Acid Treatment for Chin Augmentation.

Background: In an evaluator-blinded, randomized controlled trial, the hyaluronic acid soft-tissue filler VYC-20L injectable gel was safe and effective for correcting volume deficits and retrusion in the chin.

Objectives: The objective of this subanalysis was to compare responder rates obtained with photographic vs live assessments.

Methods: Participants were randomized 3:1 to VYC-20L treatment or a 6-month, no-treatment control period followed by optional treatment.

Intralabial Lip Compartments and Their Potential Clinical Relevance.

Background: Aesthetic soft-tissue filler injections for lip enhancement are popular and performed throughout the world. When injecting lips with a cannula, as the cannula is advanced, resistance is perceived in consistent locations, potentially indicating boundaries between intralabial compartments.

Objective: We aimed to investigate whether intralabial compartments exist and, if so, to describe their volumes, location, boundaries, and dimensions.

Unique osteogenic profile of bone marrow stem cells stimulated in perfusion bioreactor is Rho-ROCK-mediated contractility dependent.

The fate determination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSC) is tightly regulated by mechanical cues, including fluid shear stress. Knowledge of mechanobiology in 2D culture has allowed researchers in bone tissue engineering to develop 3D dynamic culture systems with the potential for clinical translation in which the fate and growth of BMSC are mechanically controlled. However, due to the complexity of 3D dynamic cell culture compared to the 2D counterpart, the mechanisms of cell regulation in the dynamic environment remain relatively undescribed.

Craniofacial dysmorphology in Down syndrome is caused by increased dosage of Dyrk1a and at least three other genes.

Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), occurs in 1 in 800 live births and is the most common human aneuploidy. DS results in multiple phenotypes, including craniofacial dysmorphology, which is characterised by midfacial hypoplasia, brachycephaly and micrognathia. The genetic and developmental causes of this are poorly understood.

Guidelines for Optimal Patient Outcomes Using Calcium Hydroxylapatite for Jawline Contour.

Background: Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA(+); Radiesse(+) [Merz North America, Inc., Raleigh, NC]) is the first FDA-approved injectable filler for subdermal and/or supraperiosteal injection to improve moderate-to-severe loss of jawline contour. CaHA has been recognized in the past for its ability to provide contour and support overlying tissues and utilized for jawline augmentation well before this recent indication; however, with recent FDA approval of CaHA(+) for jawline contour improvement, it is important that clinicians are aware of best practices for patient selection, treatment planning and injection, as well as safety considerations and postprocedure care.

Novel, Validated, 5-Point Photonumeric Scales for Assessment of the Perioral Region.

Background: The use of validated scales is still considered the gold standard for evaluating the severity of an aesthetic facial condition.

Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to create and validate 5-point photonumeric scales for the assessment of perioral lines and marionette lines.

Methods: A medical team created 2 different novel 5-point photonumeric scales for the assessment of perioral lines and marionette lines.

Pervasive cortical and white matter anomalies in a mouse model for CHARGE syndrome.

CHARGE (Coloboma of the eye, Heart defects, Atresia of the choanae, Retardation of growth, Genital anomalies and Ear abnormalities) syndrome is a disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding CHD7, an ATP dependent chromatin remodelling factor, and is characterised by a diverse array of congenital anomalies. These include a range of neuroanatomical comorbidities which likely underlie the varied neurodevelopmental disorders associated with CHARGE syndrome, which include intellectual disability, motor coordination deficits, executive dysfunction, and autism spectrum disorder. Cranial imaging studies are challenging in CHARGE syndrome patients, but high-throughput magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in mouse models allow for the unbiased identification of neuroanatomical defects.