Ranavirus infection dynamics and shedding in American bullfrogs: consequences for spread and detection in trade.

American bullfrogs Lithobates catesbeianus are thought to be important in the global spread of ranaviruses-often lethal viruses of cold-blooded vertebrates-because they are commonly farmed, dominate international trade, and may be 'carriers' of ranavirus infections. However, whether American bullfrogs are easily infected and maintain long-lasting ranavirus infections, or are refractory to or rapidly clear infections, remains unknown. We tracked the dynamics of ranavirus in American bullfrogs through time and with temperature in multiple types of samples and also screened shipments from commercial suppliers to determine whether we could detect subclinical infections.

Maxillary Sinus Augmentation for Dental Implant Rehabilitation of the Edentulous Ridge: A Comprehensive Overview of Systematic Reviews.

Objectives: The objective of this systemic review was to perform a comprehensive overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the maxillary sinus augmentation procedure for implant rehabilitation in humans. The following were evaluated in this overview: (1) anatomic variables affecting sinus augmentation, (2) histomorphometric analysis of the grafted sinus, (3) volumetric changes after sinus grafting, and (4) implant survival beyond 1 year.

Material And Methods: Electronic databases were searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of implant-related sinus augmentation published from 1976 to September 2015.