Comparison of Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone in Free-Ranging Elk (Cervus canadensis) in Pennsylvania, USA.

Chemical immobilization is commonly used to capture and handle free-ranging elk (Cervus canadensis). Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) and nalbuphine-medetomidine-azaperone (NalMed-A) are compounded drug combinations that are lower-scheduled in the US than drugs historically used for elk immobilizations. We compared BAM and NalMed-A for immobilization of free-ranging elk using free-darting and Clover trapping.

Variability in prion protein genotypes by spatial unit to inform susceptibility to chronic wasting disease.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal encephalopathy affecting North American cervids. Certain alleles in a host's prion protein gene are responsible for reduced susceptibility to CWD. We assessed for the first time variability in the prion protein gene of elk () present in Pennsylvania, United States of America, a reintroduced population for which CWD cases have never been reported.

Surveillance for in Hunter-Harvested Wild-Elk () from Pennsylvania, USA (2016-2017).

is a tick-borne protozoal parasite which infects the erythrocytes of members of the families Cervidae and Bovidae. Infection can result in hemolytic anemia, lethargy, anorexia, and death. The reservoir host of is the white-tailed deer (); however, infections with overt disease have only been documented in reindeer (), caribou () and captive elk ().

Prevalence of Winter Ticks () in Hunter-Harvested Wild Elk () from Pennsylvania, USA (2017-2018).

Winter ticks () are an aggressive one-host tick that infest a wide-diversity of ungulates. Infestations can result in anemia, alopecia, emaciation, and death. Most notably, the winter tick has caused negative impacts to moose () populations in the northeast United States and Canada.

Winter Tick ()-Associated Dermatitis in a Wild Elk () in Pennsylvania, USA.

In 2017, a male elk () was found dead in Pennsylvania, US. The elk was in poor nutritional condition and had alopecia and ulcerative dermatitis throughout the neck and dorsum region associated with severe infestations. Histologically, there was severe chronic-active dermatitis with hyperkeratosis and crust formation.

Assessment of a Commercially Available Serum Pregnancy-specific Protein B Test in Free-ranging Elk () in Pennsylvania, USA.

Uterine examinations provide an inexpensive and reliable postmortem alternative to monitor pregnancy rates in free-ranging elk (). However, this technique may be insensitive during early pregnancies (i.e.