An identification of optimal waste disposal method for dumpsite remediation using the Fermatean fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method.

Improperly managed wastes that have been dumped in landfills over the years pose various challenges, but they also offer potential benefits. The feasibility of recycling such waste depends on the type of wastes, the condition of dumpsites, and the technology implemented for disposal. The selection of an alternative waste disposal method from the many available options for dumpsite remediation is a complex decision-making process among experts.

An innovative probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set MCDM perspective for selecting flexible packaging bags after the prohibition on single-use plastics.

The probabilistic hesitant elements (PHFEs) are a beneficial augmentation to the hesitant fuzzy element (HFE), which is intended to give decision-makers more flexibility in expressing their biases while using hesitant fuzzy information. To extrapolate a more accurate interpretation of the decision documentation, it is sufficient to standardize the organization of the elements in PHFEs without introducing fictional elements. Several processes for unifying and arranging components in PHFEs have been proposed so far, but most of them result in various disadvantages that are critically explored in this paper.

Facile S(N)2 reaction in protic solvent: quantum chemical analysis.

We study the effects of protic solvent (water, methanol, ethanol, and tert-butyl alcohol) and cation (Na+, K+, Cs+) on the unsymmetrical SN2 reaction X- + RY --> RX + Y- (X = F, Br; R = CH3,C3H7;Y = Cl, OMs). We describe a series of calculations for the S(N)2 reaction mechanism under the influence of cation and protic solvent, presenting the structures of pre- and postreaction complexes and transition states and the magnitude of the activation barrier. An interesting mechanism is proposed, in which the protic solvent molecules that are shielded from the nucleophile by the intervening cation act as a Lewis base to reduce the unfavorable Coulombic influence of the cation on the nucleophile.