CD20/TNFR1 dual-targeting antibody enhances lysosome rupture-mediated cell death in B cell lymphoma.

Obinutuzumab is a therapeutic antibody for B cell non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (BNHL), which is a glyco-engineered anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and causes binding-induced direct cell death (DCD) through lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP). Tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), a pro-inflammatory death receptor, also evokes cell death, partly through lysosomal rupture. As both obinutuzumab- and TNFR1-induced cell deaths are mediated by LMP and combining TNFR1 and obinutuzumab can amplify LMP-mediated cell death, we made dual-targeting antibody for CD20 and TNFR1 to enhance DCD of obinutuzumab.

Comparison of CD20 Binding Affinities of Rituximab Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana Callus.

Plants are promising drug-production platforms with high economic efficiency, stability, and convenience in mass production. However, studies comparing the equivalency between the original antibodies and those produced in plants are limited. Amino acid sequences that constitute the Fab region of an antibody are diverse, and the post-transcriptional modifications that occur according to these sequences in animals and plants are also highly variable.

In situ observation of the stability of anatase nanoparticles and their transformation to rutile in an acidic solution.

Thermodynamic stability of anatase nanoparticles and their transformation behaviors to rutile phase in an acidic solution was investigated in situ at two different peptization temperatures using a freeze-drying method. When peptized at 30 degrees C, the initial product was anatase with a significantly distorted atomic structure, a significant amount of hydroxyl group and Ti3+ ions, and, thus, a thermodynamically unstable state. The instability of 30 degrees C-peptized anatase was responsible for a suitable transformation to rutile later via dissolution of the anatase to form a titanium hydroxylate, followed by reprecipitation into rutile.