A regional brain volume-based age prediction model for neonates and the derived brain maturation index.

Objective: To develop a postmenstrual age (PMA) prediction model based on segmentation volume and to evaluate the brain maturation index using the proposed model.

Methods: Neonatal brain MRIs without clinical illness or structural abnormalities were collected from four datasets from the Developing Human Connectome Project, the Catholic University of Korea, Hammersmith Hospital (HS), and Dankook University Hospital (DU). T1- and T2-weighted images were used to train a brain segmentation model.

Bone Age Assessment Using Artificial Intelligence in Korean Pediatric Population: A Comparison of Deep-Learning Models Trained With Healthy Chronological and Greulich-Pyle Ages as Labels.

Objective: To develop a deep-learning-based bone age prediction model optimized for Korean children and adolescents and evaluate its feasibility by comparing it with a Greulich-Pyle-based deep-learning model.

Materials And Methods: A convolutional neural network was trained to predict age according to the bone development shown on a hand radiograph (bone age) using 21036 hand radiographs of Korean children and adolescents without known bone development-affecting diseases/conditions obtained between 1998 and 2019 (median age [interquartile range {IQR}], 9 [7-12] years; male:female, 11794:9242) and their chronological ages as labels (Korean model). We constructed 2 separate external datasets consisting of Korean children and adolescents with healthy bone development (Institution 1: n = 343; median age [IQR], 10 [4-15] years; male: female, 183:160; Institution 2: n = 321; median age [IQR], 9 [5-14] years; male: female, 164:157) to test the model performance.

Prevalence and MRI findings of incidentally detected pituitary non-enhancing lesion on brain MRI in children.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and MRI findings of incidentally detected pituitary nonenhancing lesion on brain MRI in children, and to compare the detection rates of pituitary nonenhancing lesion according to magnetic field strength and acquisition technique.

Methods: Pediatric patients (≤18 years old) who underwent brain MRI with contrast-enhancement between January 2018 and September 2019 were retrospectively included (n=365). The presence, size, and signal intensity of pituitary nonenhancing lesions were assessed by two radiologists.

MRI Findings of Isolated Oculomotor Nerve Palsy after Mild Head Trauma in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report.

Introduction: Traumatic oculomotor nerve injury is usually caused by severe head trauma and is generally associated with other neurological deficits such as basilar skull fracture, orbital injury, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Isolated traumatic oculomotor nerve injury after minor head trauma and its MRI findings are rarely reported.

Case Presentation: We report a case of a 13-year-old girl with mydriasis, limited inferior and medial movement of the left eyeball, and left ptosis after a mild bump of the left forehead and eye into an electricity pole.

Free-breathing contrast-enhanced upper abdominal MRI in children: comparison between Cartesian acquisition and stack-of-stars acquisition with two different fat-suppression techniques.

Background: Respiratory artifacts impair image quality of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children who cannot hold breath during MRI examination.

Purpose: To compare the quality of free-breathing contrast-enhanced 3D T1-weighted (T1W) images of the upper abdomen in children using Cartesian acquisition (Cartesian eTHRIVE), stack-of-stars acquisition with spectral fat suppression (3D VANE eTHRIVE), and stack-of-stars acquisition with fat suppression using modified Dixon (3D VANE mDixon).

Material And Methods: Pediatric patients (aged <19 years) who underwent whole-body MRI with free-breathing contrast-enhanced T1W axial scans of upper abdomen using Cartesian eTHRIVE, 3D VANE eTHRIVE, and 3D VANE mDixon were enrolled.

Comparison of whole-body MRI, bone scan, and radiographic skeletal survey for lesion detection and risk stratification of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis.

Accurate risk stratification according to the extent of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) determined on whole-body evaluation is important for determining the treatment plans and prognosis in patients with LCH. This study aimed to compare the lesion detectability and the accuracy of risk stratification of skeletal survey, bone scan, and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) in patients with LCH. Patients with newly-diagnosed LCH who underwent all three imaging modalities were retrospectively included (n = 46).

Diagnostic Performance of Transient Elastography for Liver Fibrosis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: We aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of transient elastography for evaluating liver fibrosis in children and adolescents.

Materials And Methods: A computerized search of Medline and Embase up to December 31, 2017, was performed to identify studies. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of transient elastography for the severity of liver fibrosis in children and adolescents were selected.

Visibility of Normal Appendix on CT, MRI, and Sonography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: The purpose of the present study is to assess the visibility of the normal appendix on CT, MRI, or ultrasound (US) images of a healthy population.

Materials And Methods: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched to identify articles on the rates of detection of a normal appendix on CT, MRI, or US that appeared in the literature published up to January 20, 2017. Pooled detection rates were assessed using random-effects modeling, and rates associated with different imaging modalities were compared.

Risk Estimation for Biliary Atresia in Patients with Neonatal Cholestasis: Development and Validation of a Risk Score.

Purpose To develop and validate a scoring system based on clinical and imaging features to predict the risk for biliary atresia in patients with neonatal cholestasis. Materials and Methods Patients with neonatal cholestasis who underwent both ultrasonography (US) and hepatobiliary scintigraphy (n = 480) were retrospectively identified from two tertiary referral hospitals from January 2000 to February 2017. Patients from one hospital were classified as the derivation cohort (n = 371), and those from the other hospital were classified as the validation cohort (n = 109).

The diagnostic performance of reduced-dose CT for suspected appendicitis in paediatric and adult patients: A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of reduced-dose CT for suspected appendicitis.

Methods: A systematic search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was carried out through to 10 January 2017. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of reduced-dose CT for suspected appendicitis in paediatric and adult patients were selected.

Real-time two-dimensional Shear-wave elastography for liver stiffness in children: Interobserver variation and effect of breathing technique.

Objectives: To evaluate interobserver variation and to assess the effect of the breathing technique on liver stiffness (LS) measurement using real-time two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE) in children.

Methods: Patients who underwent real-time 2D-SWE by two operators (group 1) and patients who underwent real-time 2D-SWE by one operator using the free-breathing and breath-holding techniques (group 2) were included. In group 1, interobserver agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the 95% limits-of-agreement was analyzed to evaluate the maximum change in the LS values based on Bland-Altman analysis.

Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Enterography for Detection of Active Inflammation in Children and Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Diagnostic Meta-analysis.

Importance: Magnetic resonance (MR) enterography has the advantage over other techniques of being noninvasive, lacking ionizing radiation, and demonstrating excellent soft-tissue contrast to evaluate pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of MR enterography for detection of active inflammation in children and adolescents with known or suspected IBD.

Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE up to January 2, 2017, was performed to identify studies.

The diagnostic performance of shear-wave elastography for liver fibrosis in children and adolescents: A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis.

Objective: To assess the diagnostic performance of shear-wave elastography for determining the severity of liver fibrosis in children and adolescents.

Methods: An electronic literature search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted. Bivariate modelling and hierarchical summary receiver-operating-characteristic modelling were performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of shear-wave elastography.

Computerized Bone Age Estimation Using Deep Learning Based Program: Evaluation of the Accuracy and Efficiency.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of a new automatic software system for bone age assessment and to validate its feasibility in clinical practice.

Materials And Methods: A Greulich-Pyle method-based deep-learning technique was used to develop the automatic software system for bone age determination. Using this software, bone age was estimated from left-hand radiographs of 200 patients (3-17 years old) using first-rank bone age (software only), computer-assisted bone age (two radiologists with software assistance), and Greulich-Pyle atlas-assisted bone age (two radiologists with Greulich-Pyle atlas assistance only).

Performance of MRI for suspected appendicitis in pediatric patients and negative appendectomy rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate in pediatric patients the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for suspected appendicitis and its negative appendectomy rate.

Materials And Methods: The study involved diagnostic accuracy studies that used MRI for pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis. Various field strengths and sequences were used in each included study.

Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children and Adolescents: Patterns and Risk Factors of Distant Metastasis.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate patterns of distant metastasis and identified factors that may increase the risk of distant metastasis in pediatric patients with rhabdomyosarcoma.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study included 69 patients (age, ≤ 20 years) who had rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed between January 2000 and February 2016. Various imaging features, including distant metastasis, were evaluated on initial and follow-up imaging studies.

Diagnostic Performance of Sonographic Features in Patients With Biliary Atresia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of sonographic features of biliary atresia in patients with infantile cholestasis.

Methods: The Ovid-MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies of the diagnostic performance of sonographic features of biliary atresia in patients with infantile cholestasis. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the triangular cord sign and other sonographic features in patients with biliary atresia.

Sacrococcygeal teratomas in newborns: a comprehensive review for the radiologists.

Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common solid tumor in newborn infants. The diagnosis is not difficult in many cases; however, there should be additional information on imaging studies in order to manage those infants properly. Details include histology, morphologic classification, complications such as rupture, bleeding, and mass effects on the adjacent structures.

Whole Body MR Imaging: A Useful Imaging Modality in the Management of Children With Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Introduction: To evaluate the distribution of chloromas using whole body magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to assess the clinical role of whole body MR imaging in management of pediatric patients with AML.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively searched pediatric patients (< 18 years old) who were diagnosed with AML and underwent whole body MR imaging during their illness between January 2006 and December 2014. The presence of chloromas was defined as when it was proven pathologically or showed typical imaging features.

Colonic Metastasis Presenting as an Intraluminal Fungating Mass 8 Years After Surgery for Ovarian Cancer.

We report a case of colonic metastasis from ovarian cancer presented as an intraluminal fungating mass mimicking primary colon cancer 8 years after surgery for ovarian cancer. A 70-year-old woman presented with constipation. She had undergone an extended total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for an ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma 8 years earlier.

Assessment of bone age in prepubertal healthy Korean children: comparison among the Korean standard bone age chart, Greulich-Pyle method, and Tanner-Whitehouse method.

Objective: To compare the reliability of the Greulich-Pyle (GP) method, Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) method and Korean standard bone age chart (KS) in the evaluation of bone age of prepubertal healthy Korean children.

Materials And Methods: Left hand-wrist radiographs of 212 prepubertal healthy Korean children aged 7 to 12 years, obtained for the evaluation of the traumatic injury in emergency department, were analyzed by two observers. Bone age was estimated using the GP method, TW3 method and KS, and was calculated in months.

Correlation of Mast Cell Densities, Angiogenesis and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Proper Muscle Gastric Carcinomas.

Purpose: There are increasing evidences that angiogenesis enhances tumor growth and biological aggressiveness in gastric carcinoma. Mast cells have been implicated in the angiogenic process, by secreting angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or enzymes that degrade extracellular matrices. However, the exact nature of mast cells in relation to cancer is contradictory so we conducted retrospective studies, to find the significance of mast cell densities, and microvessel counts in each clinicopathologic factors, including VEGF expression, in proper muscle (PM) gastric carcinoma.