Estradiol treatment increases M2-like visceral adipose tissue macrophages in obese ovariectomized mice regardless of its anorectic action.

Estradiol (E2) treatment has been known to induce changes in food intake, energy expenditure, and weight gain. However, its direct effects on adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) in vivo are not fully understood. Thus, we aimed to explore this aspect at cellular and molecular levels in ovariectomized obese mice.

Effects of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma on Regeneration of Damaged Endometrium in Female Rats.

Purpose: To investigate whether autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment can improve regeneration of the endometrium in an experimental model of ethanol-induced damage.

Materials And Methods: Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, ethanol group, and PRP-treated group (administration of 0.25 mL of PRP into both uterine cavities 72 hours after ethanol injection).

Interleukin-4 induces senescence in human renal carcinoma cell lines through STAT6 and p38 MAPK.

Interleukin (IL)-4, originally identified as a lymphocyte growth factor, can directly inhibit growth of certain tumor cell types. We reported previously that IL-4 induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase through an increase in p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of IL-4-induced growth inhibition.

Phenylbutyric acid induces the cellular senescence through an Akt/p21(WAF1) signaling pathway.

It has been well known that three sentinel proteins - PERK, ATF6 and IRE1 - initiate the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the presence of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER. Recent studies have demonstrated that upregulation of UPR in cancer cells is required to survive and proliferate. Here, we showed that long exposure to 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), a chemical chaperone that can reduce retention of unfolded and misfolded proteins in ER, induced cellular senescence in cancer cells such as MCF7 and HT1080.