Green Tea Encourages Growth of .

Trillions of microorganisms reside in the hosts' gut. Since diverse activities of gut microbiota affect the hosts' health status, maintenance of gut microbiota is important for maintaining human health. Green tea (GT) has multiple beneficial effects on energy metabolism with antiobesity, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic properties.

Gallocatechin Gallate-Containing Fermented Green Tea Extract Ameliorates Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia Through the Modulation of Lipid Metabolism in Adipocytes and Myocytes.

Green tea is reported to exert beneficial effects on metabolic disorders through the regulation of lipid metabolism. On the contrary, fermented food products have been introduced to improve human health by modulating immune response and energy metabolism. To maximize health benefit, we applied fermentation processing to green tea.

Green satsuma mandarin orange () extract reduces adiposity and induces uncoupling protein expression in skeletal muscle of obese mice.

Increased fat mass, which is induced by the storage of excess nutrients, is considered a causal factor for various metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent hyperadiposity to sustain a healthy life. Recently, uncoupling proteins (UCPs) were suggested to be molecular targets for curing obesity and its complications.

Quercetin and fisetin enhanced the small intestine cellular uptake and plasma levels of epi-catechins in in vitro and in vivo models.

Quercetin and fisetin, known as catechol-containing flavonoids, could positively affect the absorption of catechins due to their strong affinity for catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), which can methylate and cause the excretion of catechins. The current study examined the effect of quercetin and fisetin on the absorption of epi-catechins (ECs) by using a Caco-2 cell line and an in vivo model. The intestinal transport of total catechins by Caco-2 cells was enhanced from 1.

Influence of flavonol-rich excipient food (onion peel and Dendropanax morbifera) on the bioavailability of green tea epicatechins in vitro and in vivo.

The impacts of onion peel (OP) and Dendropanax morbifera (DM), as excipient foods rich in flavonols, on the digestive recovery, intestinal absorption, and pharmacokinetics of GT epicatechins were studied via an in vitro digestion model system with Caco-2 cells and an in vivo study. The digestive stability of total epicatechins recovered from GT upon the addition of 2% DM was up to 1.12 times higher than that observed with OP.

Mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling in the mouse liver following exposure to ultraviolet B radiation.

Although many studies have been performed on the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin, only a limited number of reports have investigated these effects on non-skin tissue. This study aimed to describe the metabolite changes in the liver of hairless mice following chronic exposure to UVB radiation. We did not observe significant macroscopic changes or alterations in hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver of UVB-irradiated mice, compared with those for normal mice.

Tea catechins and flavonoids from the leaves of Camellia sinensis inhibit yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.

Four new quercetin acylglycosides, designated camelliquercetisides A-D, quercetin 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)][2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucoside (17), quercetin 3-O-[2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucoside (18), quercetin 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)][2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucoside (19), and quercetin 3-O-[2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucoside (20), together with caffeine and known catechins, and flavonoids (1-16) were isolated from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR, IR, and HR-TOF-MS) and chemical methods. The catechins and flavonoidal glycosides exhibited yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitory activities in the range of IC(50) 8.

Tea triterpenoidal saponins from the roots of Camellia sinensis have inhibitory effects against alcohol dehydrogenase.

Ten new polyhydroxyolean-12-ene pentacyclic triterpenoidal saponins, named rogchaponins 1-10, were isolated from the methanolic extract of the roots of Camellia sinensis by a series of chromatographic methods (silica gel flash column and C18 MPLC followed by C18 HPLC). Their structures were established by 1D and 2D-NMR techniques along with IR and HR-TOF-MS. Rogchaponins R4 ( 4) and R5 (5) showed inhibitory activities against yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with IC (50) values of 16.

Metabolomics analysis reveals the compositional differences of shade grown tea (Camellia sinensis L.).

The different cultivation methods affect tea quality by altering the basic metabolite profiles. In this study, the metabolome changes were investigated in green tea and shade cultured green tea (tencha) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with a multivariate data set. The principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) of green tea clearly showed higher levels of galloylquinic acid, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, succinic acid, and fructose, together with lower levels of gallocatechin, strictinin, apigenin glucosyl arabinoside, quercetin p-coumaroylglucosyl-rhamnosylgalactoside, kaempferol p-coumaroylglucosylrhamnosylgalactoside, malic acid, and pyroglutamic acid than tencha.

Lithospermic acid derivatives from Lithospermum erythrorhizon increased expression of serine palmitoyltransferase in human HaCaT cells.

A MeOH extract of the dry root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon showed strong increasing effect on serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) in normal human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT cells). Bioassay-guided separation on this extract using repeated chromatography resulted in the isolation of lithospermic acid (1) and two derivative esters, 9''-methyl lithospermate (2) and 9'-methyl lithospermate (3). Compounds 1-3 significantly increased SPT expressions in the relative quantity (%) of SPT1 mRNA as well as SPT2 mRNA.