A conversation on how animal experimental studies allies with translational medicine.

Basis science research in pediatric urology studies physiological questions in animal models to provide new data on how to treat patients. We sat down with Jens-Christian Djurhuus to discuss both practical and philosophical questions on how to best perform basic science research. Initial questions such as "What type of questions are best studied in animal models?" and "Which animal model should I use?" help us answer the basic question of "What is a good research topic?".

Gender-dependent bladder response to one-day bladder outlet obstruction.

Background: Development of bladder fibrosis, loss of compliance, and voiding dysfunction are among the severe consequences of various lower urinary conditions, for example, bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), neurogenic bladder, and radiotherapy to the pelvic area. The bladder remodelling results in significant changes in bladder function and architecture, and may ultimately be deleterious for kidney function. The molecular signals underlying pathologic bladder remodelling, as well as the impact of gender, remain poorly understood.

[Introduction on how to write a scientific abstract].

In this review, a guide on how to write a scientific abstract is given. When junior researchers submit an abstract for a conference or a manuscript for a journal, a well-written abstract is the key to acceptance and publication. Being able to catch the interest of the reader, while keeping the length to a minimum, is an art, which can be learned by practice.

Evaluation of Hospital-Based Hematuria Diagnosis and Subsequent Cancer Risk Among Adults in Denmark.

Importance: Data on the long-term risk of urologic and nonurologic cancer after hematuria diagnosis are sparse. Such data can improve understanding of hematuria and cancer and can provide insight into the clinical course of patients with hematuria.

Objective: To assess the risk of urologic or nonurologic cancer after a hospital-based diagnosis of hematuria.

ICS educational module: Cystometry in children.

Aims: To introduce the standard procedure of cystometry and interpretation of the results in children.

Methods: The literature on cystometry in children in PubMed for the last 20 years was reviewed. The updated knowledge regarding indication, preparation, technique, and interpretation of cystometry in children were summarized.

Oral Contraceptives and Renal Water Handling: A diurnal study in young women.

To test the hypothesis that use of oral contraceptives (OC) changes diurnal variation in fluid balance mechanisms including blood pressure, secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin, and renal water and electrolyte excretion. Fifteen naturally cycling (NC) women in mid-follicular phase and 11 long-term OC users were included in a 24-h standardized inpatient study for measurements of vasopressin, oxytocin, sodium, and osmolality in plasma as well as urinary excretion of electrolytes, aquaporin-2, and prostaglandin E2. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored noninvasively.

Can bladder fibrosis in congenital urinary tract obstruction be reversed?

A variety of conditions exists in adults and children in which functional or anatomical urinary tract obstructions cause bladder fibrosis, which reduces the bladder's ability to store and empty urine. Current surgical procedures include removal of the obstructions to facilitate bladder emptying or prompt prenatal or postnatal spinal closure to prevent further neurogenic damage. Bladder fibrosis may occur, and it can get worse if a flow hindrance persists or deteriorates.

Long-term urodynamic findings following radical prostatectomy and salvage radiotherapy.

Objective: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common following radical prostatectomy (RP) or intended curative radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients. One-quarter of those treated with RP experience biochemical failure and are subsequently offered salvage radiotherapy (SRT) to the prostatic bed. The aim of this study was to elucidate long-term LUTS after surgery and SRT.

Is testosterone important in LUT function in men and women? ICI-RS 2015.

Aim: This review article is a collaborative report based upon the Authors' presentations and Group discussion on the role of testosterone (T) in the male and female lower urinary tract (LUT) which took place at the 6th International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society's (ICI-RS) annual meeting, in Bristol, UK (September 8-10, 2015).

Methods: It comprises overviews and opinions on both the current state of knowledge of the role of T in LUT function and dysfunction in both sexes.

Results: Results from animal studies suggest that T treatment may be beneficial for disorders of the LUT in women including urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.

Adolescents with nocturnal enuresis and daytime urinary incontinence-How can pediatric and adult care be improved-ICI-RS 2015?

Aims: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) and daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) are common in adolescents. The aim of this paper was to review studies on prevalence, clinical symptoms and associated risk factors and to formulate recommendations for assessment and treatment.

Materials And Methods: A systematic Scopus search was performed and relevant publications were selected.

No immediate effect on urodynamic parameters during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in children with overactive bladder and daytime incontinence-A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Aim: To evaluate the immediate effect on natural fill urodynamic parameters and bladder function during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in children with overactive bladder (OAB) and daytime urinary incontinence (DUI).

Meethods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 24 children with severe OAB and DUI (mean age 8.5 ± 1.

Fundamentals and clinical perspective of urethral sphincter instability as a contributing factor in patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction--ICI-RS 2014.

Aims: Urethral pathophysiology is often neglected in discussions of bladder dysfunction. It has been debated whether "urethral sphincter instability," referred to based on observed "urethral pressure variations," is an important aspect of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). The purpose of this report is to summarize current urethral pathophysiology evidence and outline directions for future research based on a literature review and discussions during the ICI-RS meeting in Bristol in 2014.

Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease.

Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) may be caused by an enteric neurotropic pathogen entering the brain through the vagal nerve, a process that may take over 20 years. We investigated the risk of PD in patients who underwent vagotomy and hypothesized that truncal vagotomy is associated with a protective effect, whereas superselective vagotomy has a minor effect.

Methods: We constructed cohorts of all patients in Denmark who underwent vagotomy during 1977-1995 and a matched general population cohort by linking Danish registries.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Increases Rectal Activity in Children.

Objectives: Neurostimulation is increasingly used in treating bladder and bowel dysfunction, but its effect on rectal motility is obscure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the acute effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on rectal motility in children with overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods: In this double-blind placebo-controlled study in 20 children with OAB (mean age 8.

Ontogeny of the mammalian kidney: expression of aquaporins 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Background: Determining the expression and functions of aquaporins (AQPs) in the adult kidney has generated important information about the roles of this protein family in the renal regulation of water homeostasis. However, limited information describes the expression of AQPs in fetal kidneys, and most reports on fetal renal AQPs originate from animal studies. Although there are the maturation and regulation of the renal-concentrating mechanism, the ways in which changes in the expression of AQPs contribute to the formation of urine during the perinatal period remain unclear.

Bladder function development and its urodynamic evaluation in neonates and infants less than 2 years old.

Aims: To understand the function development of bladder and its evaluation in neonates and infants less than 2 years old.

Methods: Literature on neonatal and infant bladder function development and urodynamic evaluation were collected and reviewed.

Results: Normal range of bladder volume, pressure during voiding and other parameters in neonates and infants less than 2 years old is far from set up, making interpretation of UDS findings difficult.