Pattern recognition in menstrual bleeding diaries by statistical cluster analysis.

Background: The aim of this paper is to empirically identify a treatment-independent statistical method to describe clinically relevant bleeding patterns by using bleeding diaries of clinical studies on various sex hormone containing drugs.

Methods: We used the four cluster analysis methods single, average and complete linkage as well as the method of Ward for the pattern recognition in menstrual bleeding diaries. The optimal number of clusters was determined using the semi-partial R2, the cubic cluster criterion, the pseudo-F- and the pseudo-t2-statistic.

Denial of pregnancy--characteristics of women at risk.

Background: Denial of pregnancy is a woman's subjective lack of awareness of being pregnant. Denial throughout most of gestation or until delivery may be associated with significant risks for both mother and fetus. We wanted to investigate if maternal characteristics were useful in order to identify women at risk.

Denial of pregnancy as a reproductive dysfunction: a proposal for international classification systems.

Objective: To propose a new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) category concerning reproductive dysfunctions not caused by organic disorder.

Methods: Forensic (n=93) and obstetrical cases (n=78) of denied and concealed pregnancies are compared and discussed.

Results: Denied pregnancies occur with a ratio of 1:475 births.

Cyclic menstruation-like bleeding during denied pregnancy. Is there a particular hormonal cause?

Objective: To investigate whether particular hormonal patterns could explain the persistence of cyclic menstruation-like bleeding during denied pregnancies.

Methods: Hormone measurements were performed immediately after delivery in a total of 28 subjects with denied pregnancies. The results were studied in three patient subgroups: subjects with any cyclic bleeding during pregnancy (n = 22), subjects with cyclic bleeding during pregnancy until the delivery date (n = 7) and subjects with amenorrhea (n = 6).

A 1-year study to compare the hemostatic effects of oral contraceptive containing 20 microg of ethinylestradiol and 100 microg of levonorgestrel with 30 microg of ethinylestradiol and 100 microg of levonorgestrel.

Objectives: To comparatively evaluate the impact of a balanced one-third dose-reduced oral contraceptive on hemostatic variables.

Methods: In an open-label, randomized study, a dose-reduced oral contraceptive containing 20 microg of ethinylestradiol (EE) and 100 microg of levonorgestrel (LNG) was compared with a reference preparation containing 30 microg of EE and 150 microg of LNG. One-year data were obtained from 48 volunteers.

A 1-year randomized study to evaluate the effects of a dose reduction in oral contraceptives on lipids and carbohydrate metabolism: 20 microg ethinyl estradiol combined with 100 microg levonorgestrel.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact on lipid and carbohydrate variables of a combined one-third ethinyl estradiol (EE)/levonorgestrel (LNG) dose reduction in oral contraceptives.

Methods: In an open-label, randomized study, a dose-reduced oral contraceptive containing 20 microg EE and 100 microg LNG (20 EE/100 LNG) was compared with a reference preparation containing 30 microg EE and 150 microg LNG (30 EE/150 LNG). One-year data from 48 volunteers were obtained.

Vesicovaginal fistula after Irving sterilization: a case report.

Background: Patients scheduled for gynecologic surgery must be informed about the development of urogenital fistulae as a possible complication.

Case: A 49-year-old woman underwent Irving sterilization with subsequent abdominal hysterectomy due to intraabdominal abscess formation. Inadvertent damage complication to the bladder during hysterectomy led to development of a vesicovaginal fistula despite intraoperative management.

Elevation of interleukin-6 levels in cervical secretions as a predictor of preterm delivery.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cervical secretions for preterm delivery before 34+0 gestational weeks in patients with preterm labor.

Methods: In this prospective study, 31 patients were enrolled with preterm labor and intact membranes. Cervical swabs were taken on admission and the concentration of IL-6 was measured.

Elevated risk for neonatal outcome following denial of pregnancy: results of a one-year prospective study compared with control groups.

Aims: Newborns following denied pregnancies are delivered after either late onset or total absence of antenatal care, with a presumed subsequently increased risk for neonatal outcome. For this specific group, several characteristic outcome parameters are investigated.

Methods: During the period July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996, a prospective case sampling was performed for denied pregnancies in Berlin.

Frequency of denial of pregnancy: results and epidemiological significance of a 1-year prospective study in Berlin.

Background: There has been an increasing number of reports on denial of pregnancy. However, only very few studies have involved a large number of patients. To date, no reliable calculation of this condition's general frequency, also from an epidemiological perspective, has been available.

Tris(dimethylamino)oxosulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate, (Me(2)N)(3)SO(+)Me(3)SiF(2)(-) (TAOS Fluoride).

In the OSF(4)/Me(2)NSiMe(3) system besides the long known Me(2)NS(O)F(3) only the trisubstituted derivative is isolated as (Me(2)N)(3)SO(+)Me(3)SiF(2)(-) (3). Similar to (Me(2)N)(3)S(+)Me(3)SiF(2)(-) compound 3 is an excellent fluoride ion donor. With AsF(5) and HF the corresponding hexafluoroarsenate (Me(2)N)(3)SO(+)AsF(6)(-) (4) and the hydrogen bifluoride (Me(2)N)(3)SO(+)HF(2)(-) (5) are formed in almost quantitative yield.

Syntheses and Structures of Bis(azole)difluorosulfuranes.

Bis(imidazole)sulfur difluoride (4), bis(pyrazole)sulfur difluoride (6), and bis(1,2,4-triazole)sulfur difluoride (8) are formed in the reactions of N-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, N-(trimethylsilyl)pyrazole, and 1-(trimethylsilyl)-1,2,4-triazole with SF(4), in high yield. The ring systems in these three molecules occupy equatorial positions in the pseudo-trigonal-bipyramidal coordination sphere of the central sulfur atoms. The angles between the planes of the ring substituents and the FSF axis for 4 and 6 are in the range 23.