Ambient and focal attention during complex problem-solving: preliminary evidence from real-world eye movement data.

Time course analysis of eye movements during free exploration of real-world scenes often reveals an increase in fixation durations together with a decrease in saccade amplitudes, which has been explained within the two visual systems approach, i.e., a transition from ambient to focal.

Eye movement patterns in complex tasks: Characteristics of ambient and focal processing.

Analyzing the time course of eye movements during scene viewing often indicates that people progress through two distinct modes of visual processing: an ambient mode, which is associated with overall spatial orientation in a scene, followed by a focal mode, which requires central vision of an object. However, the shifts between ambient and focal processing modes have mainly been identified relative to changes in the environment, such as relative to the onset of various visual stimuli but also following scene cuts or subjective event boundaries in dynamic stimuli. The results so far do not allow conclusions about the nature of the two processing mechanisms beyond the influence of externally triggered events.

Cognitive and motor skill competence are different: Results from a prospective randomized trial using virtual reality simulator and educational video in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background And Purpose: Cognitive transfer represents an important issue in surgical education. It is essential for the acquisition of competence, such as decision making and error avoidance. This randomized study aims to compare the effectivity of cognitive transfer by observing the surgery versus using modern virtual reality simulators for learning a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Investigating the utility of VR for spatial understanding in surgical planning: evaluation of head-mounted to desktop display.

Recent technological advances have made Virtual Reality (VR) attractive in both research and real world applications such as training, rehabilitation, and gaming. Although these other fields benefited from VR technology, it remains unclear whether VR contributes to better spatial understanding and training in the context of surgical planning. In this study, we evaluated the use of VR by comparing the recall of spatial information in two learning conditions: a head-mounted display (HMD) and a desktop screen (DT).

Size matters: How reaching and vergence movements are influenced by the familiar size of stereoscopically presented objects.

The knowledge about the usual size of objects-familiar size-is known to be a taken into account for distance perception. The influence of familiar size on action programming is less clear and has not yet been tested with regard to vergence eye movements. In two experiments, we stereoscopically presented everyday objects, such as a credit card or a package of paper tissues, and varied the distance as specified by binocular disparity and the distance as specified by familiar size.

Transferability of laparoscopic skills using the virtual reality simulator.

Background: Skill transfer represents an important issue in surgical education, and is not well understood. The aim of this randomized study is to assess the transferability of surgical skills between two laparoscopic abdominal procedures using the virtual reality simulator in surgical novices.

Methods: From September 2016 to July 2017, 44 surgical novices were randomized into two groups and underwent a proficiency-based basic training consisting of five selected simulated laparoscopic tasks.

Limitations of gaze transfer: without visual context, eye movements do not to help to coordinate joint action, whereas mouse movements do.

Remote cooperation can be improved by transferring the gaze of one participant to the other. However, based on a partner's gaze, an interpretation of his communicative intention can be difficult. Thus, gaze transfer has been inferior to mouse transfer in remote spatial referencing tasks where locations had to be pointed out explicitly.

I see you remembering: what eye movements can reveal about process characteristics of prospective memory.

Prospective memory performance describes the delayed execution of an intended action. As this requires a mixture of memory and attentional control functions, current research aims at delineating the specific processes associated with solving a prospective memory task. Therefore, the current study measured, analysed and compared eye movements of participants who performed a prospective memory, a free viewing, and a visual search task.

Gaze transfer in remote cooperation: is it always helpful to see what your partner is attending to?

Establishing common ground in remote cooperation is challenging because nonverbal means of ambiguity resolution are limited. In such settings, information about a partner's gaze can support cooperative performance, but it is not yet clear whether and to what extent the abundance of information reflected in gaze comes at a cost. Specifically, in tasks that mainly rely on spatial referencing, gaze transfer might be distracting and leave the partner uncertain about the meaning of the gaze cursor.

Comparing two types of engineering visualizations: task-related manipulations matter.

This study focuses on the comparison of traditional engineering drawings with a CAD (computer aided design) visualization in terms of user performance and eye movements in an applied context. Twenty-five students of mechanical engineering completed search tasks for measures in two distinct depictions of a car engine component (engineering drawing vs. CAD model).

Saccadic peak velocity sensitivity to variations in mental workload.

Introduction: For research and applications in the field of (neuro)ergonomics, it is of increasing importance to have reliable methods for measuring mental workload. In the present study we examined the hypothesis that saccadic eye movements can be used for an online assessment of mental workload.

Methods: Saccadic main sequence (amplitude, duration and peak velocity) was used as a diagnostic measure of mental workload in a virtual driving task with three complexity levels.

The effects of self-involvement on attention, arousal, and facial expression during social interaction with virtual others: a psychophysiological study.

Social neuroscience has shed light on the underpinnings of understanding other minds. The current study investigated the effect of self-involvement during social interaction on attention, arousal, and facial expression. Specifically, we sought to disentangle the effect of being personally addressed from the effect of decoding the meaning of another person's facial expression.