Best Practices and Guidelines (2022) for Scale-up and Technology Transfer in Freeze Drying Based on Case Studies. Part 2: Past Practices, Current Best Practices, and Recommendations.

Scale-up and transfer of lyophilization processes remain very challenging tasks considering the technical challenges and the high cost of the process itself. The challenges in scale-up and transfer were discussed in the first part of this paper and include vial breakage during freezing at commercial scale, cake resistance differences between scales, impact of differences in refrigeration capacities, and geometry on the performance of dryers. The second part of this work discusses successful and unsuccessful practices in scale-up and transfer based on the experience of the authors.

Linear vs nonlinear ultrasonic testing of kissing bonds in adhesive joints.

Kissing bonds in adhesive joints are precursors to damage and failure in materials and components used in safety-critical industries. They are zero-volume, low-contrast contact defects widely regarded as "invisible" in conventional ultrasonic testing. In this study, the recognition of the kissing bonds is examined in automotive industry-relevant aluminum lap-joints with standard bonding procedures using epoxy- and silicone-based adhesives.

Best Practices and Guidelines (2022) for Scale-Up and Tech Transfer in Freeze-Drying Based on Case Studies. Part 1: Challenges during Scale Up and Transfer.

The freeze-drying process scale-up and transfer remain a complicated and non-uniform practice. We summarized inefficient and good practices in these papers and provided some practical advice. It was demonstrated that using the same process set points/times in laboratory and commercial scale dryers may lead to loss of product quality (collapse or vial breakage).

Mirror movements and the role of handedness: isometric grip forces changes.

Co-activation of both hemispheres seems to play a critical role in the generation of mirror movements, involuntary muscle contractions opposite to voluntary movements of one hand. The relationship between handedness und mirror movements is unclear. We measured repetitive grip force changes performed at slow and fast frequencies with the active hand and recorded mirror activity in the opposite inactive hand in 17 healthy left-handed (LH) and 17 right-handed (RH) participants.

Optokinetic stimulation in microgravity: torsional eye movements and subjective visual vertical.

Introduction: Microgravity provides unique sensory inputs to the vestibular and oculomotor systems. We sought to determine the effects of long-term spaceflight on sensing of spatial orientation.

Methods: Two cosmonauts participated in experiments on human vestibulo-visual interactions during a long-term mission (178 d) in the MIR station in 1995.