Physical Health and Disability Among U.S. Adults Recently on Community Supervision.

Estimates of chronic conditions and disability among individuals on community supervision in the United States are lacking. We used 2015-2016 data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( = 78,761) to examine the prevalence of chronic conditions and disability among nonelderly adults who had been on probation or parole in the past year, compared to adults without community supervision in the past year. The weighted sample was representative of 4,594,412 adults on community supervision and 191,156,710 adults without community supervision in the past year.

A sex-balanced rodent model for evaluating phosphine inhalation toxicity.

Exposure to phosphine (PH ), a common grain fumigant, is characterized by diverse nonspecific symptoms and a high mortality rate. Although PH poisoning is thought to target oxidative respiration, the exact mechanism of action remains largely unknown, resulting in limited treatment options. In our study, the effects of PH on female rats were assessed to elucidate potential sex-specific differences and obtain a more comprehensive understanding of PH toxicity.

Implementation of emergency department-initiated buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in a rural southern state.

Aim: The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network (CTN), an entity aimed at bridging researchers and community-based substance abuse treatment providers to develop new treatment approaches, has taken an interest in the dissemination of findings from a randomized clinical trial by D'Onofrio demonstrating that initiating buprenorphine in the emergency department (ED) enhances linkage to treatment [JAMA 2015; 313 (16): 1636-1644]. In the Southern Consortium Node of the CTN, the authors have taken an implementation science approach to expand on the D'Onofrio study by implementing an ED-based buprenorphine initiation program in three diverse South Carolina EDs utilizing a predominantly peer recovery coach model. The aim of this pilot program was to foundationally integrate universal screening, brief interventions and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in hospital EDs to identify patients with at-risk substance use.

Third Body Wear of UHMWPE-on-PEEK-OPTIMA™.

PEEK-OPTIMA™ is being considered as an alternative to cobalt chrome (CoCr) in the femoral component of total knee replacements. To date, investigations of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-on-PEEK have shown an equivalent wear rate to conventional implant materials under standard conditions. In this study, the third body wear performance of UHMWPE-on-PEEK was directly compared to UHMWPE-on-CoCr in a series of pin-on-plate studies using two approaches for third body damage.

Pf Bacteriophage and Their Impact on Pseudomonas Virulence, Mammalian Immunity, and Chronic Infections.

Pf bacteriophage are temperate phages that infect the bacterium , a major cause of chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) and other settings. Pf and other temperate phages have evolved complex, mutualistic relationships with their bacterial hosts that impact both bacterial phenotypes and chronic infection. We and others have reported that Pf phages are a virulence factor that promote the pathogenesis of infections in animal models and are associated with worse skin and lung infections in humans.

Unique morphologic and genetic characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia with chromothripsis: a clinicopathologic study from a single institution.

Chromothripsis is a unique type of genomic instability and is recognized in various cancers. In myeloid neoplasms (MNs), chromothripsis was linked to poor prognosis and specific genetic alterations (complex karyotype, 5q deletions, and loss of TP53). However, the clinicopathologic features of MNs with chromothripsis have not been thoroughly characterized.

A novel postsynaptic signal pathway of sympathetic neural regulation of murine colonic motility.

Transcriptome data revealed α1 adrenoceptors (ARs) expression in platelet-derived growth factor receptor α cells (PDGFRα cells) in murine colonic musculature. The role of PDGFRα cells in sympathetic neural regulation of murine colonic motility was investigated. Norepinephrine (NE), via α1A ARs, activated a small conductance Ca -activated K (SK) conductance, evoked outward currents and hyperpolarized PDGFRα cells (the α1A AR-SK channel signal pathway).

Rates of substance use disorder treatment seeking visits after emergency department-initiated buprenorphine.

Background: Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine (EDIB) programs have been shown to improve treatment outcomes for patients with opioid use disorders (OUD); however, little is known about how EDIB implementation impacts the patient census at participating hospitals.

Objectives: To determine if implementation of an EDIB program was associated with changes in the number of patients presenting to the ED seeking treatment for substance use disorder (SUD).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective evaluation at a single academic ED that began offering EDIB in December 2017.

Pharmacodynamic Effects of Vorapaxar in Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus: Results of the OPTIMUS-5 Study.

Vorapaxar reduces thrombotic cardiovascular events at the expense of increased bleeding. However, the differential pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of vorapaxar according to diabetes mellitus (DM) status are unknown. Moreover, although withdrawal of aspirin has emerged as a bleeding reduction strategy, the PD effects of stopping aspirin in patients treated with vorapaxar also are unknown.

Behavioral Economics Incentives to Support HIV Treatment Adherence (BEST): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Uganda.

Background: Many HIV-positive patients do not appropriately adhere to their antiretroviral medication (ART). This leads to higher viral loads and greater probability of HIV transmission. Present bias-a tendency to give in to short-term temptations at the expense of long-term outcomes-is a potential driver of low adherence.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) care in Canadian correctional facilities: Where are we and where do we need to be?

Approximately 25% of people in Canadian correctional facilities have been previously exposed to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Despite being a high-prevalence setting, most Canadian prisons have thus far failed to engage the majority of those with chronic HCV infection in care. Several factors, including the lack of systematic screening programs, lack of on-site and trained health care personnel to improve access to care and treatment during incarceration, and the absence of standardized procedures needed to facilitate linkage to care following release likely contribute to poor engagement along the HCV care cascade for people in prison.

Biomechanical assessment of the stability of osteochondral grafts implanted in porcine and bovine femoral condyles.

Osteochondral grafts are used clinically to repair cartilage and bone defects and to restore the congruent articulating surfaces of the knee joint following cartilage damage or injury. The clinical success of such osteochondral grafts is heavily reliant on the biomechanical and tribological properties of the surgical repair; however, a limited number of studies have investigated these factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of graft harvesting and implantation technique as well as bone properties on the primary stability of press-fit implanted osteochondral grafts using a series of uniaxial experimental push-in and push-out tests.

A forgotten group during humanitarian crises: a systematic review of sexual and reproductive health interventions for young people including adolescents in humanitarian settings.

Background: Young people including adolescents face barriers to healthcare and increased risk of poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH), which are exacerbated in humanitarian settings. Our systematic review assessed the evidence on SRH interventions for young people including adolescents in humanitarian settings, strategies to increase their utilisation and their effects on health outcomes.

Methods: We searched peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 1980 and 2018 using search terms for adolescents, young people, humanitarian crises in low- and middle- income countries and SRH in four databases and relevant websites.

Evaluation of an Entrepreneurship Education Intervention for American Indian Adolescents: Trial Design and Baseline Sample Characteristics.

Entrepreneurship education is a strength-based approach and holds promise for promoting health equity for American Indian youth. Arrowhead Business Group (ABG) was developed by a tribal-academic research partnership and is being rigorously evaluated for impacts on psychosocial, behavioral, educational, and economic outcomes. This article describes: 1) the trial design and conceptual model under-girding the ABG program; 2) the sociodemographic, sociocultural, and family/household characteristics of participants at baseline; and 3) the baseline differences in key outcome indicators between study groups.

Brominated Bisindole Alkaloids from the Celtic Sea Sponge .

As part of an ongoing program to identify new bioactive compounds from Irish marine bioresources, we selected the subtidal sponge for chemical study, as fractions of this species displayed interesting cytotoxic bioactivities and chemical profiles. The first chemical investigation of this marine species led to the discovery of two new bisindole alkaloids of the topsentin family, together with six other known indole alkaloids. Missing the usual central core featured by the representatives of these marine natural products, the new metabolites may represent key biosynthetic intermediates for other known bisindoles.

The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Sodium Fluoroacetate (1080) in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is a highly toxic metabolic poison that has the potential because of its lack of defined color, odor, and taste and its high water solubility to be intentionally or unintentionally ingested through food adulteration. Although the mechanism of action for 1080 has been known since the 1950's, no known antidote exists. In an effort to better understand the cardiopulmonary impacts of 1080, we utilized whole-body plethysmography and telemeterized Sprague-Dawley rats which allowed for the real-time measurement of respiratory and cardiac parameters following exposure using a non-invasive assisted-drinking method.

Ewing sarcoma with myxoid stroma: Case report of an unusual histological variant.

We describe the case of a Ewing sarcoma with prominent myxoid stroma of the temporal bone in a 26-year-old female. Histologically, the tumor exhibited a fascicular growth pattern of round to spindled cells with a minimal amount of pale eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm and oval or spindled nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin and small nucleoli. Myxoid changes were prominent (>50%), with reticular or pseudoacinar growth of the loosely cohesive cells.

Association between meteorological variations and activities of influenza A and B across different climate zones: a multi-region modelling analysis across the globe.

Objective: To elucidate the effects of meteorological variations on the activity of influenza A and B in 11 sites across different climate regions.

Methods: Daily numbers of laboratory-confirmed influenza A and B cases from 2011-2015 were collected from study sites where the corresponding daily mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and daily precipitation amount were used for boosted regression trees analysis on the marginal associations and the interaction effects.

Results: Cold temperature was a major determinant that favored both influenza A and B in temperate and subtropical sites.

Genome Mining Coupled with OSMAC-Based Cultivation Reveal Differential Production of Surugamide A by the Marine Sponge Isolate sp. SM17 When Compared to Its Terrestrial Relative J1074.

Much recent interest has arisen in investigating isolates derived from the marine environment in the search for new bioactive compounds, particularly those found in association with marine invertebrates, such as sponges. Among these new compounds recently identified from marine isolates are the octapeptidic surugamides, which have been shown to possess anticancer and antifungal activities. By employing genome mining followed by an one strain many compounds (OSMAC)-based approach, we have identified the previously unreported capability of a marine sponge-derived isolate, namely sp.

Future Pandemic Influenza Virus Detection Relies on the Existing Influenza Surveillance Systems: A Perspective from Australia and New Zealand.

The anniversary of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic has allowed a refocusing on the global burden of influenza and the importance of co-ordinated international surveillance for both seasonal influenza and the identification of control strategies for future pandemics. Since the introduction of the International Health Regulations (IHR), progress had been slow, until the emergence of the novel influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus and its global spread, which has led to the World Health Organization (WHO) developing a series of guidance documents on global influenza surveillance procedures, severity and risk assessments, and essential measurements for the determination of national pandemic responses. However, the greatest burden of disease from influenza occurs between pandemics during seasonal influenza outbreaks and epidemics.

MELD-GRAIL-Na: Glomerular Filtration Rate and Mortality on Liver-Transplant Waiting List.

Background And Aims: Among patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation, prediction of wait-list (WL) mortality is adjudicated by the Model for End Stage Liver Disease-Sodium (MELD-Na) score. Replacing serum creatinine (SCr) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the MELD-Na score may improve prediction of WL mortality, especially for women and highest disease severity.

Approach And Results: We developed (2014) and validated (2015) a model incorporating eGFR using national data (n = 17,095) to predict WL mortality.

Discovery and Validation of a Biomarker Model (PRESERVE) Predictive of Renal Outcomes After Liver Transplantation.

Background And Aims: A high proportion of patients develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) after liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to develop clinical/protein models to predict future glomerular filtration rate (GFR) deterioration in this population.

Approach And Results: In independent multicenter discovery (CTOT14) and single-center validation (BUMC) cohorts, we analyzed kidney injury proteins in serum/plasma samples at month 3 after LT in recipients with preserved GFR who demonstrated subsequent GFR deterioration versus preservation by year 1 and year 5 in the BUMC cohort.