Psychological attributes and eating behaviors in 5- to 12-year-old children during periods of stress.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between psychological attributes and obesogenic behaviors in children during the period of COVID-19 pandemic-induced stress.

Methods: This observational study collected data from caregivers of 5- to 12-year-old children from three diverse groups assessing sociodemographic, economic, and perceived stress, along with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Family Eating and Activity Habits Questionnaire, revised (FEAHQ-R), in October 2020 and June 2021. The outcome measures were SDQ and FEAHQ-R scores.

Bias, Prejudice, Discrimination, Racism, and Social Determinants: The Impact on the Health and Well-Being of Latino Children and Youth.

This narrative review focuses on the impact of bias, prejudice, discrimination, racism (BPDR), social determinants of health, and structural racism on Latino children's health and well-being. The race/ethnicity, country of origin, immigrant/generational status, limited English proficiency (LEP), acculturation level, and social class of Latino children and their parents can heighten or modify the impact of BPDR. These differences have been shown to affect BPDR among Latino adults and presumably for their children.

Applying an Equity Lens to Pediatric Obesity: Clinical, Environmental, and Policy Considerations for Clinicians.

The etiology of pediatric obesity is complex and multifactorial. This article encourages pediatric clinicians to consider patient's socioenvironmental context and structural discrimination as drivers of pediatric obesity. Viewing pediatric obesity through an equity lens can inform clinical practice, advocacy, and policy to promote equity.

Associations of Infant Sleep Characteristics with Childhood Cognitive Outcomes.

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify associations of infant 24-hour sleep duration and nighttime sleep consolidation with later child cognition.

Methods: This study included children from Project Viva, a prospective cohort in Massachusetts with (1) sleep measures in infancy (median age 6.4 months) and (2) child cognition in early childhood (median age 3.

Health Disparities Among Children in Immigrant Households: New York City 2009 and 2017.

We tested the hypothesis that children in New York City (NYC) with an immigrant parent were more likely to lack health insurance and report poorer parent-rated health compared to those of US-born parents in this serial, cross-sectional study using existing data from 2009 to 2017 among children age < 12 years in two NYC health surveys. Main outcomes were parent-reported responses for (1) child insurance coverage and (2) child general health status. In multivariable logistic regression models, we estimated likelihood of outcomes for children of immigrants compared to those of US-born parents, adjusting for child, parent, and household characteristics.

Longitudinal Associations of Food Security with Health and Dietary Factors among Food FARMacy Participants during COVID-19 in New York City.

In cross-sectional studies, food insecurity is associated with adverse health and dietary outcomes. Whether self-reported health and dietary outcomes change in response to improvements in food security has not been examined. We sought to examine how increases in food security are related to changes in health and dietary factors.

The potential role of social care in reducing childhood obesity.

Purpose Of Review: This review evaluates the current evidence for relationships of social factors with childhood obesity and for a role of social care in reduction of childhood obesity.

Recent Findings: Most literature on the relationship between social factors and childhood obesity has examined food insecurity as a risk factor for obesity. Associations between food insecurity and excess weight in children are most consistent during infancy and among those with food insecurity at more than one time point.

Participant and Stakeholder Perceptions of the Food FARMacy Emergency Food Assistance Program for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Food FARMacy is a clinical-community emergency food assistance program developed in response to food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few qualitative studies have examined participant, and clinical and community stakeholder experiences with these food assistance programs.

Objective: To examine the motivations, experiences, and perceptions of Food FARMacy participants and program stakeholders.

Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Obesity in Adolescents.

Importance: Antiobesity pharmacotherapy is recommended for adolescents ages 12 years and older with obesity. Several medications have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for adolescent use, but the most cost-effective medication remains unclear.

Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle counseling alone and as adjunct to liraglutide, mid-dose phentermine and topiramate (7.

Weight Loss After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Children and Adolescents.

Purpose: For children and adolescents with severe obesity, metabolic and bariatric surgery including laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is increasingly used to facilitate weight loss and reduce associated medical problems. Outcomes of LSG are understudied among patients under age 15 years. We sought to examine surgical complications and weight loss outcomes among children and adolescents who underwent LSG.

The Creation of a Multidomain Neighborhood Environmental Vulnerability Index Across New York City.

Compared to previous studies commonly using a single summary score, we aimed to construct a multidomain neighborhood environmental vulnerability index (NEVI) to characterize the magnitude and variability of area-level factors with the potential to modify the association between environmental pollutants and health effects. Using the Toxicological Prioritization Index framework and data from the 2015-2019 U.S.

Neighborhood environmental vulnerability and pediatric asthma morbidity in US metropolitan areas.

Background: Research suggests demographic, economic, residential, and health-related factors influence vulnerability to environmental exposures. Greater environmental vulnerability may exacerbate environmentally related health outcomes. We developed a neighborhood environmental vulnerability index (NEVI) to operationalize environmental vulnerability on a neighborhood level.

Association of a primary care-based mobile food pantry with child body mass index: A propensity score matched cohort study.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that children in Food FARMacia-a six-month food insecurity intervention from May 2019 to January 2020-would have smaller age-adjusted, sex-specific body mass index (BMIz) gains than matched counterparts.

Methods: In this proof-of-concept study, we performed a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis of a propensity-score matched cohort among paediatric primary care patients aged <6 years with household food insecurity. Children with anthropometric measures prior to and after intervention started were included.

Longitudinal trends in parent-reported child sleep, physical activity, and screen use during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.

Objective: To examine trends in child sleep, physical activity, and screen use during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City with a prospective, longitudinal online survey of parents recruited from a large medical center.

Methods: Data was collected Spring 2020 ("Complete Shutdown") and Fall 2020 ("Partial Shutdown"). Outcomes were parental perceptions about changes in child sleep, physical activity, and screen time compared to before COVID-19; and contemporaneous measures of these child behaviors.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess Body Composition Change in Adolescents With Obesity After Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Objectives: Metabolic and bariatric surgery is the most effective weight loss treatment for severe obesity. The number of adolescents undergoing sleeve gastrectomy is increasing. We investigated changes in body composition in adolescents undergoing sleeve gastrectomy 12-26 weeks post-operatively using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI).

Association of cow's milk intake in early childhood with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence.

Background: Prior studies have provided conflicting evidence regarding associations of pediatric milk consumption with subsequent adiposity.

Objectives: We aimed to estimate associations of the consumption frequency and fat content of early childhood milk intake with early adolescent adiposity and cardiometabolic risk.

Methods: We analyzed data collected prospectively from 796 children in Project Viva, a Boston-area prebirth cohort.

Feasibility of Food FARMacia: Mobile Food Pantry to Reduce Household Food Insecurity in Pediatric Primary Care.

Despite recommendations for systematic food insecurity screening in pediatric primary care, feasible interventions in clinical settings are lacking. The goal of this study was to examine reach, feasibility, and retention in Food FARMacia, a pilot clinically based food insecurity intervention among children aged <6 years. We examined electronic health record data to assess reach and performed a prospective, longitudinal study of families in Food FARMacia (May 2019 to January 2020) to examine attendance and retention.

Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy, Sleeve Gastrectomy, and Gastric Bypass in Patients With Severe Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Importance: Bariatric surgery is recommended for patients with severe obesity (body mass index ≥40) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the most cost-effective treatment remains unclear and may depend on the patient's T2D severity.

Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of medical therapy, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) among patients with severe obesity and T2D, stratified by T2D severity.

Text Messages to Curb Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption among Pregnant Women and Mothers: A Mobile Health Randomized Controlled Trial.

Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity in the United States (U.S.) originate in early life.

Community Perceptions in New York City: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Policies and Programs in the First 1000 Days.

Objectives: To examine perceptions of Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) policies and programs focused on the first 1000 days-gestation through age 2 years-among community stakeholders in Washington Heights and the South Bronx, two neighborhoods in New York City with disproportionately high prevalence of childhood obesity.

Methods: A multilevel framework informed interview guide development. Using purposeful sampling, we recruited study participants who were (1) able to speak English or Spanish and (2) resided or employed in Washington Heights or the South Bronx.

The Families Improving Health Together (FIT) Program: Initial evaluation of retention and research in a multispecialty clinic for children with obesity.

Background: Obesity affects ∼17% of US children, with parallel increases in multiple comorbidities, especially among African-, Asian-, Hispanic-, and Native-Americans. Barriers to patient retention in pediatric obesity programs include lack of centralized care, and frequent subspecialty MD visits which conflict with patient school attendance and parental work attendance as well as with support service utilization. Lack of integration of multispecialty clinical care with interdisciplinary research is a major barrier to fuller exploration of the treatment, prevention, and understanding of obesity in childhood.

Persistent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on diet, exercise, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life: A longitudinal study among U.S. adults.

COVID-19 has affected the health and well-being of almost every American. The aim of this study was to examine the sustained impacts of COVID-19 prevention measures on the diet and exercise habits, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life among adults in the U.S.

Predictors of households at risk for food insecurity in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To examine associations between sociodemographic and mental health characteristics with household risk for food insecurity during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Design: Cross-sectional online survey analysed using univariable tests and a multivariable logistic regression model.

Setting: The United States during the week of 30 March 2020.