Sex differences in associations between creatinine and cystatin C-based kidney function measures with stroke and major bleeding.

Purpose: We sought to explore whether adding kidney function biomarkers based on creatinine (eGFR), cystatin C (eGFR) or a combination of the two (eGFR) could improve risk stratification for stroke and major bleeding, and whether there were sex differences in any additive value of kidney function biomarkers.

Method: We included participants from the UK Biobank who had not had a previous ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke or major bleeding episode, and who had kidney function measures available at baseline. Cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models tested associations between eGFR, eGFR and eGFR (mL/min/1.

Vitamin K for kidney transplant organ recipients: investigating vessel stiffness (ViKTORIES): study rationale and protocol of a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) exhibit increased vascular stiffness and calcification; these parameters are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Activity of endogenous calcification inhibitors such as matrix gla protein (MGP) is dependent on vitamin K. RTRs commonly have subclinical vitamin K deficiency.

Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Vascular stiffness (VS) and vascular calcification (VC) are surrogate markers of vascular health associated with cardiovascular events. Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDP) are associated with VS and VC and require vitamin K for activity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of: (1) the effect of vitamin K supplementation on VS and VC and (2) association of inactive VKDP levels with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality.