Dietary Sources of Plasma Fatty Acids among Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009-2010.

Background: Intake of fatty acids (TFAs) increases LDL cholesterol, decreases HDL cholesterol, and increases the risk of heart disease morbidity and mortality. Many food products potentially contain industrially produced or ruminant TFAs. However, little is known about the dietary sources of plasma TFA concentrations.

Let's move salad bars to schools: a public-private partnership to increase student fruit and vegetable consumption.

Few school-age youth consume the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables, and increasing fruit and vegetable intake in children and adolescents is an important public health goal to maintain long-term good health and to decrease risk of chronic disease and obesity. School salad bars are an important tool to promote fruit and vegetable consumption among schoolchildren. Studies show that introduction of school salad bars increases the amount and variety of fruits and vegetables consumed by children in schools.

Development of the behaviorally focused fruits & Veggies--More Matters public health initiative.

Due to changing recommendations for fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake, public health and private organizations recognized the need to revise communications and programs that promote F/V consumption. This article describes formative research conducted in 2005 to develop a new identity for the 5 A Day Program, updated to the Fruits & Veggies--More Matters program. The objective was to re-brand the 5 A Day Program's campaign message to be adaptable, sustainable, and compelling, while leveraging the program's existing message dissemination infrastructure.

Metabolism of [(14)C]GSK977779 in rats and its implication with the observed covalent binding.

GSK977779 is a potent HM74a agonist evaluated for the treatment of dyslipidemia. The disposition and metabolism of [(14)C]GSK977779 (67.6 μmol/kg p.

Highly stable tetrathiafulvalene radical dimers in [3]catenanes.

Two [3]catenane 'molecular flasks' have been designed to create stabilized, redox-controlled tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) dimers, enabling their spectrophotometric and structural properties to be probed in detail. The mechanically interlocked framework of the [3]catenanes creates the ideal arrangement and ultrahigh local concentration for the encircled TTF units to form stable dimers associated with their discrete oxidation states. These dimerization events represent an affinity umpolung, wherein the inversion in electronic affinity replaces the traditional TTF-bipyridinium interaction, which is over-ridden by stabilizing mixed-valence (TTF)2•+ and radical-cation (TTF•+)2 states inside the 'molecular flasks.

Distributing free fresh fruit and vegetables at school: results of a pilot outcome evaluation.

Objectives: Consumption of fruit and vegetables among children is generally below recommended levels. This evaluation addressed two questions: (1) To what extent did children's attitudes toward, familiarity with, and preferences for fruit and vegetables change during the school year? and (2) To what extent did children's consumption of fruit and vegetables change during the school year?

Methods: During the 2004-2005 school year, the Mississippi Department of Education, Child Nutrition Programs initiated a pilot program to distribute free fruit and vegetables to students (kindergarten through 12th grade) during the school day. Data were collected in 2004-2005 within a one-group pretest/posttest design using a self-report questionnaire (n=725) and 24-hour dietary recalls (n=207) with a sample of students from five schools in Mississippi.

Fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents and adults in the United States: percentage meeting individualized recommendations.

Context: Fruit and vegetable intake is an important part of a healthy diet and is associated with numerous positive health outcomes. MyPyramid provides recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption based on individual calorie requirements as determined by an individual's age, sex, and physical activity level.

Objectives: To determine (1) median fruit and vegetable consumption from all dietary sources among adolescent and adult consumers and the percentage of adolescents and adults meeting individual recommended intake levels based on caloric requirements and (2) consumption levels among various demographic groups, intake levels from subtypes of fruits and vegetables, and primary contributors to fruit and vegetable intake.

Trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among U.S. men and women, 1994-2005.

Introduction: Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables as part of an overall healthful diet can help lower chronic disease risk and aid in weight management. Increasing the percentage of Americans who consume enough fruits and vegetables every day is part of the Healthy People 2010 objectives for the nation. Assessing trends in consumption of these foods is important for tracking public health initiatives to meet this goal and for planning future objectives.

Electron super-rich radicals in the gas phase. A neutralization-reionization mass spectrometric and ab initio/RRKM study of diaminohydroxymethyl and triaminomethyl radicals.

Diaminohydroxymethyl (1) and triaminomethyl (2) radicals were generated by femtosecond collisional electron transfer to their corresponding cations (1+ and 2+, respectively) and characterized by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry and ab initio/RRKM calculations at correlated levels of theory up to CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ. Ion 1+ was generated by gas-phase protonation of urea which was predicted to occur preferentially at the carbonyl oxygen with the 298 K proton affinity that was calculated as PA = 875 kJ mol-1. Upon formation, radical 1 gains vibrational excitation through Franck-Condon effects and rapidly dissociates by loss of a hydrogen atom, so that no survivor ions are observed after reionization.

How major restaurant chains plan their menus: the role of profit, demand, and health.

Background: Increased away-from-home eating is associated with lower diet quality, and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. Healthier food choices in restaurants may help mitigate the rise in obesity and improve diet quality. This study sought to understand the views of executives at major U.

The role of mobile protons in negative ion CID of oligosaccharides.

Carbohydrates of all classes consist of glycoform mixtures built on common core units. Determination of compositions and structures of such mixtures relies heavily on tandem mass spectrometric data. Analysis of native glycans is often necessary for samples available in very low quantities and for sulfated glycan classes.

Low-energy-density diets are associated with high diet quality in adults in the United States.

Objective: This study investigated food choices made by individuals consuming diets differing in energy density and explores relationships between energy density and diet quality.

Design: Cross-sectional, nationally representative survey.

Subjects: 7,500 adults (older than 19 years) in the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals.

Dietary energy density is associated with energy intake and weight status in US adults.

Background: Laboratory-based investigations indicate that the consumption of foods with a low energy density (kcal/g) decreases energy intake. Although low-energy-dense diets are recommended for weight management, relations between energy density, energy intake, and weight status have not been clearly shown in free-living persons.

Objectives: A representative US sample was used to determine whether dietary energy density is associated with energy intake, the weight of food consumed, and body weight and to explore the influence of food choices (fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption) on energy density and body weight.

The influence of sialylation on glycan negative ion dissociation and energetics.

For the analysis of native glycans using tandem mass spectrometry (MS), it is desirable to choose conditions whereby abundances of cross-ring cleavages indicative of branch positions are maximized. Recently, negative ion tandem mass spectrometry has been shown to produce significantly higher abundances of such ions in glycans compared to the positive ion mode. Much of this prior work has concerned fragmentation patterns in asialo glycans.

Copper-mediated intra-ligand oxygen transfer in gas-phase complexes with 3-nitrotyrosine.

Gas-phase ternary complexes with Cu(II) and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) of tyrosine, 3-aminotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine methyl ether are formed readily upon electrospraying aqueous methanol solutions containing the components. In contrast to Cu(bpy) complexes of tyrosine, 3-aminotyrosine and other aromatic amino acids, the complexes of 3-nitrotyrosine and its methyl ether undergo unusual collisionally activated dissociations (CADs) that involve Cu-mediated transfer of an oxygen atom from the nitro group. With 3-nitrotyrosine this results in an expulsion of carbonic acid, H(2)CO(3), whereas with 3-nitrotyrosine methyl ether an OH migration forms Cu(OH)bpy(+) as the predominant product.

Dietary energy density determined by eight calculation methods in a nationally representative United States population.

Dietary energy density [kcal/g (kJ/g)] influences energy intake under controlled laboratory conditions. Little is known about the energy density of the diets of free-living persons. Because energy density investigations are a relatively new endeavor, there are neither standard calculation methods nor published nationally representative values.

What epidemiologic studies tell us about the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and body weight.

Clinical evidence shows that combining advice to increase fruit and vegetable consumption with caloric restriction is an effective strategy for weight management. The purpose of this review is to evaluate epidemiologic evidence to determine whether it supports an association between fruit and/or vegetable consumption and body weight. Few studies have been designed to specifically address this issue, and those that are available vary in methodology and offer inconsistent results.

Chiral recognition in solution and the gas phase. Experimental and theoretical studies of aromatic D- and L-amino acid-Cu(II)-chiragen complexes.

This study was focused on distinguishing L- and D-enantiomers of amino acids using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of ternary complexes with Cu(II) and chiral derivatives of bipyridine. A pinene-annulated derivative of 2,2'-bipyridine, (5R,7S,8S)-(--)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6,6,8-trimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-methanoquinoline, called a chiragen, was used as the auxiliary ligand bound to Cu(II) to study the complexation of D- and L-phenylalanine and D- and L-tryptophan and their detection by MS. NMR studies showed that the D- and L-amino acid complexes can be distinguished in solution by the difference in the amount of band broadening of the alpha-carbon proton, with the D-complex showing greater broadening from a more intense interaction with the paramagnetic copper center.

Impact of nutrition environmental interventions on point-of-purchase behavior in adults: a review.

Background: Nutrition interventions targeted to individuals are unlikely to significantly shift US dietary patterns as a whole. Environmental and policy interventions are more promising for shifting these patterns. We review interventions that influenced the environment through food availability, access, pricing, or information at the point-of-purchase in worksites, universities, grocery stores, and restaurants.

Fruit and vegetable environment, policy, and pricing workshop: introduction to the conference proceedings.

Americans' consumption of fruits and vegetables has increased slightly over the last 10 years, but most people still do not meet the Dietary Guidelines recommendation to consume 5 to 9 servings per day. New and innovative strategies are needed if we are to significantly increase the mean population intake of fruits and vegetables. To help formulate such strategies as well as to evaluate evidence and identify research gaps, the American Cancer Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened the Fruit and Vegetable Environment, Policy, and Pricing Workshop, which brought together experts in how environmental change, policy, and pricing affect fruit and vegetable consumption.

Trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in the United States: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1994-2000.

Objectives: We examined trends in fruit and vegetable consumption in the United States.

Methods: A 6-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess consumption among 434 121 adults in 49 states and the District of Columbia who were sampled in random-digit-dialed telephone surveys administered in 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000.

Results: Although the geometric mean frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption declined slightly, the proportion of respondents consuming fruits and vegetables 5 or more times per day did not change.

Peptide cation-radicals. A computational study of the competition between peptide N-Calpha bond cleavage and loss of the side chain in the [GlyPhe-NH2 + 2H]+. cation-radical.

Cation-radicals and dications corresponding to hydrogen atom adducts to N-terminus-protonated N(alpha)-glycylphenylalanine amide (Gly-Phe-NH(2)) are studied by combined density functional theory and Møller-Plesset perturbational computations (B3-MP2) as models for electron-capture dissociation of peptide bonds and elimination of side-chain groups in gas-phase peptide ions. Several structures are identified as local energy minima including isomeric aminoketyl cation-radicals, and hydrogen-bonded ion-radicals, and ylid-cation-radical complexes. The hydrogen-bonded complexes are substantially more stable than the classical aminoketyl structures.

Diet Quality Index as a predictor of short-term mortality in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort.

The Diet Quality Index (DQI) was developed to measure overall dietary patterns and to predict chronic disease risk. This study examined associations between DQI and short-term all-cause, all-circulatory-disease, and all-cancer mortality in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, a cohort of US adults aged 50-79 years enrolled in a prospective study. After 4 years of follow-up (1992-1996), there were 869 deaths among 63,109 women and 1,736 deaths among 52,724 men.

Structure, energetics and reactivity of ternary complexes of amino acids with Cu(II) and 2,2'-bipyridine by density functional theory. A combination of radical-induced and spin-remote fragmentations.

The structures, electron distributions and dissociation energies of gas-phase ternary complexes of Cu(II) with 2,2'-bipyridine and leucine, isoleucine and lysine were addressed by density functional theory using the hybrid B3LYP functional, effective core potentials and the 6-31 + G(d) and LANL2DZ basis sets. The calculations confirm the previously suggested structures, in which amino acid carboxylates coordinate to the Cu atom by the carboxylate and alpha-amino groups in square-planar complexes. The dissociation energies for consecutive eliminations of CO(2) and alkyl radicals from isomeric singly charged complexes of leucine and isoleucine correlate with the ion relative abundances observed in collisionally activated dissociation mass spectra.