High-Density Exploration of Activity States in a Multi-Area Brain Model.

To simulate whole brain dynamics with only a few equations, biophysical, mesoscopic models of local neuron populations can be connected using empirical tractography data. The development of mesoscopic mean-field models of neural populations, in particular, the Adaptive Exponential (AdEx mean-field model), has successfully summarized neuron-scale phenomena leading to the emergence of global brain dynamics associated with conscious (asynchronous and rapid dynamics) and unconscious (synchronized slow-waves, with Up-and-Down state dynamics) brain states, based on biophysical mechanisms operating at cellular scales (e.g.

A comprehensive neural simulation of slow-wave sleep and highly responsive wakefulness dynamics.

Hallmarks of neural dynamics during healthy human brain states span spatial scales from neuromodulators acting on microscopic ion channels to macroscopic changes in communication between brain regions. Developing a scale-integrated understanding of neural dynamics has therefore remained challenging. Here, we perform the integration across scales using mean-field modeling of Adaptive Exponential (AdEx) neurons, explicitly incorporating intrinsic properties of excitatory and inhibitory neurons.

Cholinergic Switch between Two Types of Slow Waves in Cerebral Cortex.

Sleep slow waves are known to participate in memory consolidation, yet slow waves occurring under anesthesia present no positive effects on memory. Here, we shed light onto this paradox, based on a combination of extracellular recordings in vivo, in vitro, and computational models. We find two types of slow waves, based on analyzing the temporal patterns of successive slow-wave events.

Bridging Single Neuron Dynamics to Global Brain States.

Biological neural networks produce information backgrounds of multi-scale spontaneous activity that become more complex in brain states displaying higher capacities for cognition, for instance, attentive awake versus asleep or anesthetized states. Here, we review brain state-dependent mechanisms spanning ion channel currents (microscale) to the dynamics of brain-wide, distributed, transient functional assemblies (macroscale). Not unlike how microscopic interactions between molecules underlie structures formed in macroscopic states of matter, using statistical physics, the dynamics of microscopic neural phenomena can be linked to macroscopic brain dynamics through mesoscopic scales.

Duplication 2p16 is associated with perisylvian polymicrogyria.

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is a heterogeneous brain malformation that may result from prenatal vascular disruption or infection, or from numerous genetic causes that still remain difficult to identify. We identified three unrelated patients with polymicrogyria and duplications of chromosome 2p, defined the smallest region of overlap, and performed gene pathway analysis using Cytoscape. The smallest region of overlap in all three children involved 2p16.

Dendritic sodium spikes endow neurons with inverse firing rate response to correlated synaptic activity.

Many neurons possess dendrites enriched with sodium channels and are capable of generating action potentials. However, the role of dendritic sodium spikes remain unclear. Here, we study computational models of neurons to investigate the functional effects of dendritic spikes.

Gene networks show associations with seed region connectivity.

Primary patterns in adult brain connectivity are established during development by coordinated networks of transiently expressed genes; however, neural networks remain malleable throughout life. The present study hypothesizes that structural connectivity from key seed regions may induce effects on their connected targets, which are reflected in gene expression at those targeted regions. To test this hypothesis, analyses were performed on data from two brains from the Allen Human Brain Atlas, for which both gene expression and DW-MRI were available.

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Transient Fetal Compartments during Prenatal Human Brain Development.

The cerebral wall of the human fetal brain is composed of transient cellular compartments, which show characteristic spatiotemporal relationships with intensity of major neurogenic events (cell proliferation, migration, axonal growth, dendritic differentiation, synaptogenesis, cell death, and myelination). The aim of the present study was to obtain new quantitative data describing volume, surface area, and thickness of transient compartments in the human fetal cerebrum. Forty-four postmortem fetal brains aged 13-40 postconceptional weeks (PCW) were included in this study.

Netrin-1 promotes excitatory synaptogenesis between cortical neurons by initiating synapse assembly.

Netrin-1 is a secreted protein that directs long-range axon guidance during early stages of neural circuit formation and continues to be expressed in the mammalian forebrain during the postnatal period of peak synapse formation. Here we demonstrate a synaptogenic function of netrin-1 in rat and mouse cortical neurons and investigate the underlying mechanism. We report that netrin-1 and its receptor DCC are widely expressed by neurons in the developing mammalian cortex during synapse formation and are enriched at synapses in vivo.

Generation of microisland cultures using microcontact printing to pattern protein substrates.

The capacity to isolate small numbers of neurons in vitro is an essential tool to study the cell biology of synapses and the development of neuronal networks by specific cell types. Microisland culture assays allow for single neurons, or simple neural networks, to be isolated on islands of glial cells; however, the techniques commonly used to produce microisland substrates are expensive, challenging to control, and typically result in many discarded substrates. Here, we used microcontact printing to pattern a glass surface with islands of extracellular matrix proteins known to support neural cell growth and differentiation.

The clasp between NetrinG and NGL becomes crystal clear.

EMBO J 30 21, 4479–4488 (2011); published online September 23 2011 NetrinG proteins and NetrinG ligands (NGLs) are adhesive ligand/receptor pairs that influence axon outgrowth and synaptogenesis. In humans, NetrinG mutations are correlated with developmental disorders of cognition, including schizophrenia and Rett syndrome. In this issue of , Seiradake et al (2011) report the crystal structures of NetrinGs and NGLs separately and in complex, revealing a remarkable modularity underlying the molecular specificity of NetrinG/NGL interactions.