Barriers and Strategies to Optimize the Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in People with Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular Risk or Established Cardiovascular Disease: A Delphi Consensus in Spain.

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are effective for glycemic control, with many also demonstrating cardiovascular (CV) benefit, in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to find a consensus on the barriers and strategies for the optimal use of GLP-1 RAs in people with T2D and high CV risk or established cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Spain.

Methods: A two-round Delphi survey (53 questions) was conducted among members of four national scientific societies in Spain, including physicians experienced in the management of people with T2D.

The Burden of Suboptimal Insulin Dosing in People with Diabetes in Spain: Barriers and Solutions from the Physician Perspective.

Background: This study aimed to determine physicians' perceptions of the extent of suboptimal insulin dosing and the barriers and solutions to optimal dosing in people with diabetes (PwD) treated with insulin.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in four countries with primary care physicians and endocrinologists treating PwD using insulin pens, which included 53 questions on physicians' characteristics and their perceptions of the behaviors of PwD in relation to insulin dosing routines, unmet needs and potential solutions. Analyses were descriptive.

Barriers and solutions for the management of severe hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes in Spain: A Delphi survey.

Background And Objective: Severe hypoglycaemia (SH) imposes a significant burden for people with diabetes (PwD), their caregivers (CGs), and the healthcare system. The study aimed to identify barriers and solutions in the management of SH in PwD in Spain, gathering consensus from physicians and nurses.

Material And Methods: Expert opinion from physicians and nurses who manage PwD was collected via a 2-round online Delphi method.

Disease and Economic Burden of Poor Metabolic and Weight Control in Type 2 Diabetes in Spain: A Systematic Literature Review.

Introduction: Poor metabolic control and excess body weight are frequently present in people with type 2 diabetes (PwT2D).

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify observational studies reporting clinical, economic, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes associated with poor metabolic (according to HbA1c, blood pressure [BP] and low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] levels) and/or weight control (defined by a body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m) in adults with T2D in Spain, including articles published in either Spanish or English between 2013 and 2022 and conference abstracts from the last 2 years.

Results: Nine observational studies were included in the analysis.

Functional Characterization of a Dual Enhancer/Promoter Regulatory Element Leading Human Expression.

The gene encodes a C-type lectin glycoprotein with immune regulatory properties which is expressed on the cell surfaces of all activated hematopoietic cells. activation kinetics differ by developmental stage, cell linage and activating conditions, and these differences have been attributed to the participation of complex gene regulatory networks. An evolutionarily conserved regulatory element, CNS2, located 4kb upstream of the gene transcriptional start site, has been proposed as the major candidate governing the gene transcriptional activation program.

Substantial Influence of ERAP2 on the HLA-B*40:02 Peptidome: Implications for HLA-B*27-Negative Ankylosing Spondylitis.

HLA-B*40:02 is one of a few major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) independently of HLA-B*27. The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2), an enzyme that process MHC-I ligands and preferentially trims N-terminal basic residues, is also a risk factor for this disease. Like HLA-B*27 and other AS-associated MHC-I molecules, HLA-B*40:02 binds a relatively high percentage of peptides with ERAP2-susceptible residues.

CD69 Targeting Enhances Anti-vaccinia Virus Immunity.

CD69 is highly expressed on the leukocyte surface upon viral infection, and its regulatory role in the vaccinia virus (VACV) immune response has been recently demonstrated using CD69 mice. Here, we show augmented control of VACV infection using the anti-human CD69 monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2.8 as both preventive and therapeutic treatment for mice expressing human CD69.