The Impact of Local Estrogen on the Urogenital Microbiome in Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Randomized-Controlled Trial.

Importance: The postmenopausal urinary bladder microbiome is not well defined.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to characterize the effect of vaginal estrogen on the vaginal and urinary bladder microbiome in postmenopausal women and describe any clinical associations with the symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

Study Design: This was a participant-masked, randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of a 12-week course of an estrogen-containing vaginal ring to a placebo vaginal ring.

Complex Female Pelvic Pain: A Case Series From a Multidisciplinary Clinic in Urogynecology and Physiatry.

Objective: The internal pelvic floor muscles that support the pelvic viscera lie within the external pelvic structures, which support posture and locomotion. The presence of pain in the hip, groin, leg, abdomen, and/or back in patients with pelvic pain suggests that external pelvic sites may act as pain generators that contribute to chronic pelvic pain (CPP). The aim of this study was to report musculoskeletal diagnoses resulting from including a physiatry evaluation as part of a Multidisciplinary Pelvic Pain Clinic for women with complex chronic pain.