Andragogy in Practice: Applying a Theoretical Framework to Team Science Training in Biomedical Research.

This study is the first to apply the theoretical principles of Malcolm Knowles' theory of andragogy to evaluate data collected from learners who participated in team science training workshops in a biomedical research setting. Briefly, andragogy includes six principles: the learner's self-concept, the role of experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, the learner's need to know, and intrinsic motivation. Using an embedded study design, the primary focus was on qualitative data, with quantitative data complementing the qualitative findings.

Sleep Apnea and Incident Stroke in a National Cohort of Black and White Adults.

Background And Objectives: Racial/ethnic differences have been documented in the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and stroke incidence, yet racial differences in OSA symptoms or treatment and their relationship with stroke incidence are underexplored and may contribute to stroke disparities. We comprehensively examined OSA symptoms and their relationships to stroke incidence by race/ethnicity.

Methods: Data were collected from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a population-based cohort of Black and White individuals in the United States.

Sleep Patterns of Premedical Undergraduate Students: Pilot Study and Protocol Evaluation.

Background: Poor sleep hygiene persists in college students today, despite its heavy implications on adolescent development and academic performance. Although sleep patterns in undergraduates have been broadly investigated, no study has exclusively assessed the sleep patterns of premedical undergraduate students. A gap also exists in the knowledge of how students perceive their sleep patterns compared to their actual sleep patterns.

History of obstructive sleep apnea associated with incident cognitive impairment in white but not black individuals in a US national cohort study.

Background: We sought to determine if risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a history of OSA, and/or treatment of OSA has a different association with incident cognitive impairment or cognitive decline in Black individuals and White individuals.

Methods: To determine whether the risk for OSA, a history of OSA, and/or treatment of OSA has a different association with incident cognitive impairment or cognitive decline in Black individuals and White individuals; data from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) was used. Participants that completed the sleep questionnaire module, had baseline cognitive assessment, and at least one cognitive assessment during follow-up were included.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Risk Factor for Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background And Purpose: To determine whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) risk, we assessed premorbid OSA exposure of patients with nontraumatic ICH and matched controls.

Methods: Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage is a multicenter, case-control study evaluating risk factors for ICH that recruited 3000 cases with ICH and 3000 controls. OSA status was ascertained using the Berlin Questionnaire as a surrogate for premorbid OSA.

Racial differences in sleep duration intersect with sex, socioeconomic status, and U.S. geographic region: The REGARDS study.

Objectives: Short and long sleep duration are associated with poor health outcomes and are most prevalent among racial/ethnic minorities. Few studies have investigated the intersection of other sociodemographic characteristics with race/ethnicity on sleep duration prevalence.

Design: Longitudinal retrospective analysis of continental U.

Orthostatic hypotension and REM sleep behaviour disorder: impact on clinical outcomes in α-synucleinopathies.

Objective: Review the effect of orthostatic hypotension (OH) and rapid-eye-movement sleep behavioural disorder (RBD) on survival, cognitive impairment and postural stability, and discuss pathogenic mechanisms involved in the association of these two common non-motor features with relevant clinical outcomes in α-synucleinopathies.

Methods: We searched PubMed (January 2007-February 2019) for human studies of OH and RBD evaluating cognitive impairment, postural instability, and survival in Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and pure autonomic failure (PAF). Included studies were analysed for design, key results and limitations as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Age and sex differences in burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being in US neurologists.

Objective: To examine age and sex differences in burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being in US neurologists.

Methods: Quantitative and qualitative analyses of men's (n = 1,091) and women's (n = 580) responses to a 2016 survey of US neurologists.

Results: Emotional exhaustion in neurologists initially increased with age, then started to decrease as neurologists got older.

Sleep duration and risk of incident stroke by age, sex, and race: The REGARDS study.

Objective: To investigate the association between reported sleep duration and incident stroke in a US cohort of black and white adults, and evaluate race, age, and sex as potential effect modifiers.

Methods: From 2008 to 2010, 16,733 black and white adults, aged ≥45 years, without a history of stroke or sleep-disordered breathing from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, reported their habitual sleep duration (<6, 6.0-6.

Burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being among US neurology residents and fellows in 2016.

Objective: To study prevalence of and factors contributing to burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being in US neurology residents and fellows.

Methods: A total of 938 US American Academy of Neurology member neurology residents and fellows were surveyed using standardized measures of burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being from January 19 to March 21, 2016.

Results: Response rate was 37.

Burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being among US neurologists in 2016.

Objective: To study prevalence of and factors that contribute to burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being in US neurologists.

Methods: A total of 4,127 US American Academy of Neurology member neurologists who had finished training were surveyed using validated measures of burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being from January 19 to March 21, 2016.

Results: Response rate was 40.

The interaction of sleep and amyloid deposition on cognitive performance.

Sleep difficulties are emerging as a risk factor for dementia. This study examined the effect of sleep and amyloid deposition on cognitive performance in cognitively normal adults. Sleep efficiency was determined by actigraphy.

The STOP-BANG questionnaire improves the detection of epilepsy patients at risk for obstructive sleep apnea.

Patients with epilepsy and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are at risk for worsened seizure control and quality of life. We performed a quality improvement project, evaluating for improvements in the screening of OSA in epilepsy patients using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. The electronic medical records of patients seen in our epilepsy clinic were screened for 4 months prior to the intervention.

Treatment and Management of Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder typically associated with episodic memory loss as the initial symptom, but individuals <65 years old may present with executive dysfunction, word finding difficulties, or visual processing deficits. In those with AD, curative treatments are not available, but there are interventions which may modify disease course, symptom appearance and severity, enhance quality of life for patient and caregivers, and maintain safety. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are important.

Over-the-counter and prescription sleep medication and incident stroke: the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study.

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests sleep medications are associated with risk of vascular events; however, the long-term vascular consequences are understudied. This study investigated the relation between sleep medication use and incident stroke.

Methods: Within the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study, 21,678 black participants and white participants (≥45 years) with no history of stroke were studied.

Approach to insomnia in patients with dementia.

Insomnia occurs in one-fourth to one-third of patients with dementia, and can lead to patient and caretaker distress and early institutionalization. An array of effects from the disease, medication, behaviors, and mood issues may play a role in influencing sleep. This perplexing issue can be handled effectively with appropriate evaluation and understanding of basic sleep-wake physiology.

Dementia with Lewy bodies.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a synucleinopathy that is clinically distinct from Alzheimer's disease, associated with cognitive decline, fluctuations in alertness and cognition, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism. Other clinical symptoms that can occur with DLB include dysautonomia and sleep disorders such as rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). The pathological criteria of DLB are associated with the location of Lewy body pathology and the extent of Alzheimer's pathology seen.

Validation of the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire to screen for REM sleep behavior disorder in a community-based sample.

Objective: To validate a questionnaire focused on REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in a community-based sample.

Background: RBD is a parasomnia manifested by recurrent dream enactment behavior during REM sleep. While confirmation of RBD requires the presence of REM sleep without atonia on polysomnography (PSG), a screening measure for RBD validated in older adults would be desirable for clinical and research purposes.

Free will, freedom of choice and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

The question whether human beings have free will has been debated by philosophers and theologians for thousands of years. More recently, neuroscientists have applied novel concepts and tools in neuroscience to address this question. We submit that human beings do have free will and the physiological substrate for its exercise is contained within neural networks.